Those citations are from articles published between 2008 and the present. Social Studies of Science,5(4), 423441. 46(1) 118-130 The Author(s) 2019 . Journal of Legal and Political Sociology, 1:115126 (Reprinted in: Merton, R. K. (1973). What do citation counts measure? (2010). Ramanathan D. Kadirvel. Therefore more than half thepublications are below the mean average. [22] Counting the number of citations per paper is also employed to identify the authors of citation classics. By the end of January, more than 50 research papers had been published about the outbreak [2]. Cap Rates will be higher or lower for individual properties depending upon the size, class and location of the property within the MSA. Are methodological papers more cited than theoretical or empirical ones: the case of sociology. Team size matters: Collaboration and scientific impact since 1900. Institutions (Glnzel et al. Baselines are calculated using a whole counting method, this means that all papers in a subject area are counted towards the baseline calculation regardless of whether those papers are also in other subject areas or not. ESI Data Includes research papers, features, brief communications, case reports, technical notes, chronology, and full papers that were published in a journal and/or presented at a symposium or conference [5]. The highly cited papers were clustered by author, initially using an algorithmic approach. It is said that one persons outlier may be, for an NBD, simply an extreme part of the skew. Copyright: 2022 Brandt et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2330-1. To establish a comparison that was more evenly matched in terms of article volume, randomization software on Microsoft Excel was used to select a sample of non-Covid-19 papers from each journal to create a 1:1 comparison of citation rates between non-Covid and Covid papers. The extended verification and manual curation applied to these data has enabled us to focus with some accuracy on the citation behaviour that is revealed and, since this group necessarily includes a high proportion of leading and influential researchers, the behaviour reflected in these data may be taken as a signal of established cultural norms. In 2022, women earned an average of 82% of what men earned, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. That figure is close to the findings of many other researchers in the following five decades. for the humanities. [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Some experimental and observational studies have found that articles published in OA journals do not receive more citations, on average, than those published in subscription journals;[42][43] other studies have found that they do. Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists subscription to norms of research. The self-citation pattern is different to other sciences and rates appear generally to be higher. For example, if the value of the 1.00% percentile is 15, a paper in the same research field in the same year must receive at least 15 citations to belong to that percentile. Researchers are selected for their publication output in one or more of the 21 fields used in ESI or across several fields (Appendix Table1). In fact, later in the 1980s Merton predicted it in conversations with staff at the Institute for Scientific Information (D. Pendlebury, pers. MacRoberts, M. H., & MacRoberts, B. R. (1989). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SCIE.0000027310.68393.bc. Rather than setting a percentage of author self-citation above which an individual would be eliminated from consideration, we examined the distributions of author self-citation rates (and author self-referencing rates) for each of the 21 fields to determine true outliers. Yu, G., & Wang, L. (2007). 2019). Scientometrics,72(3), 427437. Scientometrics,120(2), 775791. Bornmann, L. (2017). by the total number of papers. Scientometrics,61(3), 395404. [44][45][46], The evidence that author-self-archived ("green") OA articles are cited more than non-OA articles is somewhat stronger than the evidence that ("gold") OA journals are cited more than non-OA journals. On the skewness of journal self-citations and publisher self-citations: Cues for discussion from a case study. Egghe, L. (1987). in the group. When controlling for influence of field categorization and article numbers, Covid-19 papers received 84% more citations than non-Covid-19 papers in the non-randomized sample (p<0.001, 95% CI [1.222.45]). While originality and priority are goals for scientists, self-promotion at the cost of disinterestedness and humility was to Merton, and is today, a violation at least in terms of community ideals if not always in reality (Macfarlane and Cheng 2008; Anderson et al. An early estimate was 8%, based on first author to first author self-citation and modest data availability (Garfield and Sher 1963). It appears to reflect the typical cultural self-citation behaviour in a field. More recently, advanced models for a dynamic analysis of citation aging have been proposed. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. A concise review on the role of author self-citations in information science, bibliometrics and science policy. A citation is a reference to a specific work cited in another work. 2 was repeated with the other ESI fields. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. For the 2019 Highly Cited Researchers analysis, the papers included in the preliminary data development were those published and cited during 20082018. Scientometrics,117(2), 9971022. More radical approaches would identify more of the researchers close to but above the high end of the central range as requiring investigation, but this could perhaps also enable a focus on individual cases where an unusually high rate of self-cites may be justifiable for topic-specific reasons. The 2020 Journal Impact Factors,published in the 2021 Journal Citation Report, are based on citations in 2020 to articles published in 2018 and 2019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153730. A theoretical evaluation of Hirsch-type bibliometric indicators confronted with extreme self-citation. Informed judgment is, as elsewhere in good research management, an essential step in valid decision-making. This suggests that journal impact factor, which is a product of the number of citations that recently published articles receive, will likely be drastically influenced by the number of Covid-19 papers that a journal has included within its pages in the previous years. Scientometrics,54(2), 285290. *Neurosciences: The ranking is calculated from total citations for all journals in the Frontiers Neuroscience journal series, in the Neuroscience subject area (JCR 2021 update). A high self-citation rate may reflect the extent of contributions and the researchers focus. Snyder, H., & Bonzi, S. (1998). Measuring science: Basic principles and application of advanced bibliometrics. 2016; Heneberg 2016; Fong and Wilhite 2017; Zaggl 2017; Scarpa et al. https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.06142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-010-0306-5. Hicks, D. (2012). 2019; Biagioli et al. The calculation is number of citations / number of papers, where papers is defined as regular scientific articles, review articles, proceedings papers, and research notes. When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. As new variants appear, researchers are offered the chance to publish on new epidemiological or variant characterization studies. 2010; Leblond 2012; Lin and Huang 2012; Cooke and Donaldson 2014; Ioannidis 2015;Soares et al. Citation-like measures are also used in other fields that do ranking, such as Google's PageRank algorithm, software metrics, college and university rankings, and business performance indicators. Based on Scopus, it provides a measure of journal citation impact to 27,200 titles (in 2021), 15,300 more than the Impact . Part I: Articles and their characteristics", Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, "Relation between online "hit counts" and subsequent citations: Prospective study of research papers in the BMJ", "Can Tweets Predict Citations? PubMedGoogle Scholar. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World,3, 122. Journal of Informetrics,14(2), 100990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2019.100990. 2018; Copiello 2019; Ioannidis and Thombs 2019). - 5.161.154.99. had more time to accrue citations, and therefore exhibit a higher average citation count. 2010; Carley et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03417-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03417-5. Springer, Cham. Scientometrics,15(56), 437447. The weight of author self-citations. Mishra, S., Fegley, B. D., Diesner, J., & Torvik, V. I. Because baselines are based on the mean set of papers and the mean is influencedby the presence of highly cited papers, the mean average will be considerably higher than the median. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science,23(2), 2546. Scientometrics,11(12), 8197. The wider implication is that, despite the general and widespread pattern of self-cites across field profiles, care will always be required to interpret the particular statistics of any field-limited sample. Since the purpose of analysing highly cited research is to recognize scientists and social scientists with community-wide influence, which such portfolios lack, we introduced a filter to detect and review those whose high citation profile was in fact narrow and substantially self-generated. Chorus, C. & Waltman, L. (2016). During the past two decades concern over the extent of an authors self-citation has risen in tandem with increased emphasis on citation-related performance indicators in the context of research evaluation and competition for support (Hicks 2012; Wilsdon et al. 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So the RCR would be 9 citations per year / 6 citations per year = 1.5 By analyzing a global sample of 4 million authors and 26 million scientific papers, this study finds that the top 1% most-cited scientists have increased their cumulative citation shares from 14 to 21% between 2000 and 2015 and that the Gini coefficient for citation imbalance has risen from 0.65 to 0.70. https://doi.org/10.1556/scient.67.2006.3.11. 2. Between 2000 and 2015, the proportion of citations that went to this elite group grew from 14% to 21%. The RCR is calculated by taking an article's average annual citation rate (excluding the first calendar year in which the article was published) and dividing it by the expected citation rate of articles in the same co-citation network that were published in the same year. Each graph shows the frequency distribution of the original data for the researchers and a computed log-normal fit of these data to a negative binomial distribution. A review of the literature on citation impact indicators. Note, in this paper, that we refer to self-references and to self-cites and that they are not the same thing. Citation Impact can vary significantly across (2004b). Fields are ranked by median self-referencing, Key parameters for analysing the distributions of the frequency of self-citations among Highly Cited Researchers (20082018) by Essential Science Indicator fields. The distributions of the average percentage of a self-references in highly cited papers and b self-citations from highly cited papers for 3517 Highly Cited Researchers identified in the Web of Science for 20082018 publications. ), Springer handbook of science and technology indicators (pp. Research Policy,41(2), 251261. Soares, J. Consequently, it would not be universally true that a particular percentile across a field-specific range is necessarily caused by undue self-citation: it may simply be a relatively high value within normal range in that field. reported that on average, delayed OAJs had citation rates twice as high as TAJs, and 3 times as high as immediate OAJs [9]. Gilbert, N. G. (1977). [10], The most-cited paper in history is a paper by Oliver Lowry describing an assay to measure the concentration of proteins. Results The search identified 296 articles of reporting guidelines . ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&oldid=1151587142, This page was last edited on 24 April 2023, at 23:58. (2015). (Eds.). Schubert, A. Regional cases increased rapidly over the next weeks, and scientists worldwide began to take notice. Google Scholar. Slider with three articles shown per slide. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.01.009. Davis, P. M. (2009). For months after, cases and fatalities rose at staggering clips as governing bodies worldwide grappled with the best measures to contain the virus. 2006; Thijs and Glnzel 2006; Glnzel 2008) and others (Aksnes 2003; Hyland 2003; Fowler and Aksnes 2007; van Raan 2008; Costas et al. The nature of research in a field, its level of fractionation, typical citation densities and potentials: all these and more contribute to what may be an expected rate of self-citation for a field or an individual. Toward the more effective identification of journals with anomalous self-citation. These rates of self-citation are evidently much lower than those of self-referencing, as expected for Highly Cited Researchers because their broad peer influence attracts many cites from others (van Raan 2008), and they are relatively more variable between fields compared to self-referencing.
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