102 Robert J. Talbot, Negotiating the Numbered Treaties. Welker 144The college magazine, Acta Victoriana, 10,1 (1886/87), p. 15, mentions that during the visit Bob visited: most of the important towns and cities between Montreal and Sarnia. Edenshaw (or Edensaw, from a Tlingit word referring to the glacier) . Ofelia Zepeda, a poet, activist, and liguist, co-founded and now leads the American Indian Language Development Institute, an organization dedicated to revitalizing Indigenous language use across generations. These people traditionally eat fish, primarily salmon and eulachon from the ocean, as well as fish from lakes and rivers, and roots and berries. 27 Hugh A. Dempsey, Charcoals World (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Western Producer Prairie Books, 1978), 9. The Chipewyan lived in what is todays Churchill River, while the Cree lived near York Factory, a Hudsons Bay Company trading post. Late nineteenth-century Canadian politicians saw the eastern Canadian reserves as a laboratory and training ground for the civilization of the First Nations in the Northwest. In winter the rooms and beds were so cold that it took half the night before I got warm enough to fall asleep.79 His parents fully supported their son in his decision not to return. Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, vol. RED CLAY POTTERY 6 Hugh A. Dempsey, Crowfoot, Chief of the Blackfeet (Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1972), 202. Wheeler currently works as an associate producer for the CBC Aboriginal Digital Unit and Unreserved on CBC Radio One. Urquhart and K.A.H. After hearing from our audience, CBC Aboriginal was inspired to ask, in a decidedly unscientific manner, who are your indigenous heroes? OSoup, or Osoop, which meant literally backfat, was a noted orator, and a successful farmer on the Cowessess Reserve.56, A fourth man, Kahkewistahaw, meaning in Cree he who flies around, commonly known in English as Flying in a Circle, completed the party. The federal government sponsored two separate visits: The first consisted of five Blackfoot speakers from Alberta; the second included three Cree chiefs and one Saulteux (Ojibwe) from Saskatchewan. Nine years earlier, on September 22, 1877, the four nations of the Blackfoot Confederacy (Blackfoot, Blood, Peigan, and Tsuu Tina) and the Stoney Nakoda had signed Treaty Seven. Christensen, Ahtahkakoop, 565. Prairie Indian Reserve Farmers and Government Policy (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 1990), 120. I thank Allan Sherwin for bringing this article to my attention. 7 Hugh A. Dempsey, Jean LHeureux, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. While he had embraced Christian ways he had not lost connections with his traditional religious outlook, including a belief in the efficacy of bear-worship. Starblanket and his wife when ill one winter had promised the bears they would give a feast to them if they recovered. In September 1886, Steinhauer accompanied McDougall and the Methodist chiefs to several Ontario towns and cities, as well as Montreal.144. MISSION STATEMENT, Publishing Corner: 63 Sally M. Weaver, The Iroquois: The Grand River Reserve in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, 18751945, in Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1994), 223. 9) Sacajawea All retrieved June 26, 2018. After ensuring that Mtis women and children were safe (and after looking for Riel), Dumont fled to the United States, where he lived until 1893. Seattle (Suquamish) Starblanket was also about seventy years old. Their Manners & Customs (Toronto: William Briggs, 1889), 79. Myrna Cunningham Kain, a Miskito feminist and Indigenous rights activist, began her career as a teacher and later attended medical school at the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, becoming the countrys first Miskito doctor. He sought equality, not the status of sub-citizens accorded them by the Indian Act. The daughter of a Mohawk chief and his well-educated English wife, she was too retiring to read it herself. Elijah Harper (Oji-Cree):In 1990, with an eagle feather raised, Manitoba's lone aboriginalMLAvoiced his opposition to the Meech Lake Accord --a constitutional amendment to gain Quebecs acceptance of the Constitution Act. After a short visit to Montreal the Saskatchewan group departed for the West. 14: 19111920 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 652654. 105 Cyril Greenland and John D. Griffin, The Honorable Mary Macdonald: a lesson in attitude, Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. Black A History. 76 Charlotte Gray, Flint & Feather. She MEDALS OF HONOR The Indians have made way for a superior race.138 The quote illustrates the non-Indigenous Canadians assumption of superiority. Rev. Our children love her for all the act of kindness she did for them, and our women looked upon her with affection. Pakan came back to his community profoundly disappointed. 61 Sarah Carter, Allan Macdonald, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. After a tour given of the penitentiary, the Cree chief remarked: If I ever should do anything which would bring me here, I will ask as a favour, to be killed at once, which would be better than this.126. Big Bear, they both knew, wanted to use peaceful means to obtain improvements in the life of the Plains Indians. Native The gesture for eating, for instance, was made by placing both hands toward the mouth with fingers hanging, and then alternately raising the hands and letting them fall as if to throw something into the mouth.65, On October 13 the Plains Indians joined a huge crowd of approximately 20,000,66 predominantly non-Natives, at the unveiling of the Brant monument. In The Indian Question he complained that the treaty promises of the mid-1870s had not been fulfilled. Longboat'scoaches and the press didnt approve of his training regime and called him lazy when he incorporated hard, easy and recovery days something that is now the norm. Thanks to the granting of limited rations the situation had improved by 1886. It also had representation on the school board established in 1878 to administer another ten or so schools for Grand River Six Nations students. This case was not resolved until after his death. He succeeded early in the 19th century to the chieftainship of the strong Stustas kinship group which centered in the town of Kioosta on the coast of Graham id. Some who participated in the rebellion fled to Rocky Boy's Reservation in Montana. Chou-man-i-case leader rather than a mere follower. In the spring of 1886 the undergraduate had written an article for Acta Victoriana, the Victoria College magazine. Vaudevillian, comedian, and presidential candidate. Major ethnicities in the Yukon, Northwest Territories and the northern parts of the western provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) include the following: The largest First Nations group near the St. Lawrence waterway are the Iroquois. 25 John McLean [Maclean], The Indians of Canada. Ella Cara Deloria, one of the first bilingual, bicultural anthropologists, was born on the Yankton Indian Reservation in South Dakota in 1889. whom she has a son named Jean Baptiste. other young girls were kidnapped by a group of Hidatsa Vintage Photos Of Canadas First Nations People (1880s) In 1884, Alex Ross (1851-1894) moved from Winnipeg to Calgary, Alberta, where he opened a photographic studio. He-Dog (Oglala) 56 Sarah Carter, Louis OSoup, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. Interviewing Deputy Minister of Indian Affairs This Afternoon, Ottawa Free Press, 29 September 1886. TRIBAL COMMUNITY From fur to wheat: How immigration changed the Canadian Prairie landscape, Refused entry: Canadas early days of xenophobia. This means Be a large black He was elected as a minor chief of the reserve until he retired in the 1950s.93 In that same decade, Frank Red Crow assisted Dempsey with the research for his book Red Crow, Warrior Chief (1980). Canadian law did not recognize this system, and, from the mid-nineteenth century to the late twentieth, it traced Indian legal status in the mans line. 132 Samson translated by John McDougall, The Poor Cree, London Daily Free Press, 6 September 1886. The catalogue numbers for the images in the Glenbow Museum Archives in Calgary are; Crowfoot, Lacombe and Three Bulls, NA16541; Crowfoot, NA1821 and NA1822. FAMOUS NATIVE AMERICAN CHIEFS ON HORSES WEARING CEREMONIAL FEATHERED WAR BONNETS HOLDING TRIBAL STAFFS. Gall (Hunkpapa Sioux) The California Indian Education website's "Top Ten" Indian chiefs is not so much about listing the top 10 chiefs of all time (which will forever be debatable), but our Indian guide is about beginning a study resource to familiarize students with some of the most important and influential Native American leaders of the recorded history. Horses had been struck and killed.20 In Montreal Crowfoot discussed his concerns with CPR president William Van Horne. But Morales resigned in 2019 after election irregularities led to national protests. 6) Red Cloud She had a major speech defect, was unable to walk, and had limited use of her hands.105. Pontiac also led a revolt that took Fort The chiefs argued that the release of Big Bear would be very gratifying to the Cree nation. 109 The government finally acted and released Big Bear in February 1887, but he was in poor health he died within a year. In 2000 a land claim was settled between the Nisga'a people of British Columbia and the provincial government, resulting in the return of over 2,000 square kilometres of land to the Nisga'a. A True American Hero A useful belt became a symbol of French-Canadian and Mtis cultural identities. The Red Nation shall rise again and it shall be a blessing for a sick world; a world filled with broken promises, selfishness and separations; a world longing for light again. Hiawatha (Onodaga) Born somewhere between the 12th and 13th century, he was central figure in the establishment of the Iroquois Confederacy between the five nations of the Mohawk, Onodaga, Cayuga, Seneca and the Oneida. After serving a prison sentence for burglary, he founded the American Indian Movement with other Native American activists in 1968. Elected Chief and Council Elected council and chiefs are an enacted system put in place through the Indian Act in 1876, as Canada desired a more recognizable way for the Indigenous communities to communicate with the government and represent their respective nations. Big Child and Starblanket both petitioned the Canadian government for Big Bears release particularly as others, such as Poundmaker, had been freed in early 1886. Home of Canadas first Prime Minister and since 1930 Residences of High Commissioners for the United Kingdom in Canada (London: Commonwealth Relations Office, 1955), 21. The huge crowds exceeded anything they had ever experienced. Her 50-plus films continue to address the challenges faced by First Nations people; one of her best-known documentaries, Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a Mtis Child (1986), tackles a teenagers suicide. Canadas National History Society acknowledges that we meet and work across the ancestral lands of many Indigenous peoples: First Nations, Inuit, and Mtis. The young Kateri lived a pious, chaste and faith-filled life despite being ridiculed and threatened in her village. Low-Dog (Lakota) copyright=new Date(); Dunbow, like other Indian boarding schools, was plagued with health issues. 117 Desmond Morton, The Crusading Mayor Howland, Horizon Canada, 2, 23 (1985), 550. He felt compelled to protect their land on their own terms. The Mohawk Institute impressed the Plains visitors. Heran the 1907 Boston Marathon 4:59 seconds faster than anyone of the previous winners. It is said that after her death her smallpox scars healed. 3 Jack Dunn, The Alberta Field Force of 1885 (Calgary: Jack Dunn, 1994), 79. The Indian Act gave the department unwarranted autocratic power. 122 John McDougall, Letter from Toronto, dated 12 May 1905, Missionary Bulletin, 2,4 (June 1905): 848849. 23 Dempsey, he Fearsome Fire Wagon, in The CPR West, ed. WebLarry Phillip (Phil) Fontaine, OC, OM, National Chief of AFN, activist, advisor on Indigenous relations (born 20 September 1944 in Sagkeeng First Nation on the Fort Alexander Once the door closed, it descended, seemingly going to the place, where the white men say the Great Evil Spirit dwells. Finally it stopped. 149 Memorandum, 7 January 1887, Deputy Superintendent Generals Letterbooks, RG 10, vol. Today, her work is still used to study Sioux culture, ethnography, and language. However, the crowds that collected when they appeared aggravated Samson. Nations like the Yolngu, the Nyoongar, the Yidinji and the Ngarrindjeri have all their own leaders and points of authority. Ahtahkakoops daughter had married Edward Genereux, who worked at Fort Carlton during the 1860s. Her father, Wahunsunacock, 107 Edward Ahenakew, The Story of the Ahenakews, ed. This area also includes the Wyandot (formerly referred to as the Huron) peoples of central Ontario, and the League of Five Nations who had lived in the United States, south of Lake Ontario. Biographical Sketches and Names of Successful Students 1847 to 1875(Toronto: Warwick Bros & Rutter, 1898), 137. In Toronto they called upon Alexander Morris, who had been the treaty commissioner in 1876.102 Two days later, in the early afternoon of October 23, Macdonald welcomed the Saskatchewan chiefs to Earnscliffe. & 53 Christenson, Ahtahkakoop, 136. Student recollections of their experiences were overwhelmingly negative. For images and videos, check the source for licensing information. It was a situation made more complicated by the fur trade. The Hamilton Spectator noted August 20, Two of them talked over the wires in the central offices in Toronto, and half the time they could not speak for laughing.. Roman Nose (Cheyenne) Read the full Language Translation Disclaimer. He briefly decreased national poverty, grew the national economy, and allowed Indigenous coca farmers to continue their trade. Yet even when their discomfort turned to slurs and condescension,Tom Longboat's dignity remained intact. 82 In 1886, Robert Ashton, Superintendent Ashton is quoted in Graham, compiler, The Mush Hole, 87. Left an orphan as a boy, he excelled at the school, then he entered Brantford High School, where he did very well. a Genius Grant) in 1999 for her work to preserve American Indian languages. Prairie Indian Reserve Farmers and Government Policy (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 1990), 120. The impact on them of their 1884 train trip is mostly unrecorded. They went to the Livernois studio where a photographer took several images.38 In the afternoon they toured the Quebec Citadel whose strong defences, cannons, and guards in attendance greatly impressed Crowfoot.39 By the time they arrived back in Ottawa on October 8, Crowfoot was in poor health and totally exhausted. 145 Missionary Meeting, Toronto Mail, 8 September 1886. She teaches the Tohono O'odham language (of which shes a fluent speaker) at the University of Arizona, where shes the Regents professor of linguistics and affiliate faculty in American Indian studies. Little Wolf (Lakota) On tour, the visiting chiefs must now gather at stated times in dining halls. John C. Ewers writes; A normal days march was about ten to fifteen miles, see: The Blackfeet. On the plains no matter how brave a man might have been, or successful in war, one could not hope to become a leader unless he was kind-hearted and willing to share with everyone in camp.24 Later Red Crow and North Axe after their journey to Central Canada told their fellow Bloods and Peigans when they returned: In many things the white men were inferior to the Indians, and that they were white savages.25, The white savages had strange customs, such as different approaches to the timing of meals. 13: 19011910 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 623. In collaboration, William Johnson Kerr, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. CPR president William Van Horne, circa 1900. Crow'), Nawat 11 Walter McClintock, The Old North Trail, or Life, Legends and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1968; first published, 1910), 13. his hair. American actor, philanthropist, social commentator, He attended Huron College in London, Ontario and was ordained in the Church of England. WebSomena (Samuna) Quw'utsun Quamichan Clemclemaluts (Lumlumuluts) Comiaken (Qwumyiqun) Khenipsen (Hinupsum) Kilpahlas (Tlulpalus) Koksilah (Hwulqwselu) The Globe on October 19 recorded Louis OSoups reaction to the Six Nations community: Here the red men were equal to the white men, and more than that, he was thankful that his children would soon learn to read and write like the white men.94 Red Crow as well left the Six Nations Territory in good spirits. We do our best to keep our content accurate and up-to-date. Kateri Tekakwitha. The investigation revealed that those responsible resented the strict discipline maintained at this school.78. The Blackfoot and Cree had a common language Plains sign language that allowed them to express their thoughts and emotions. Major ethnicities include the: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Photo: Edward S. Curtis, circa 1900. Throughout his life, Crazy Horse Longboat'scoaches and the press didnt approve of his training regime and called him lazy when he incorporated hard, easy and recovery days something that is now the norm. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Frederick Webb Hodge, 1906. wrote a story that was based loosely on Hiawatha's life, Enthusiastic Reception at Elm Street Church, Toronto Mail, 18 August 1886. 73 For the enormous significance of Sir William Johnson in British North America, see J.R. Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-Making in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007), 6673. The Interior Department oversees half a billion acres of public lands; within the agency, the Bureau of Indian Affairs holds over 55 million acres in trust for Native use and serves 574 federally recognized Native American tribes. 140 Three Western Indians, Toronto Globe, 11 August 1886. 8618, file 1/11522, Library and Archives Canada. There are many more names that were suggested includingHaida artist Bill Reid; children rights advocate Cindy Blackstock; Justice Murray Sinclair; singer Buffy Sainte-Marie; Metis leader Gabriel Dumont; and Harry Daniels, who fought for the rights of Metis and non-status Indians. Please login to access your saved articles. When search suggestions are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. John McDougalls party consisted of Chiefs Pakan and Samson two important Cree Methodists and Jonas Goodstoney, a young Stoney Nakoda chief, fluent in Cree.119 McDougall interpreted for all three of them. In later years he sent Shot Close, his favourite adopted child, to be educated at the St. Josephs Industrial School, also known as Dunbow, about forty kilometres southeast of Calgary. In 1876, Crazy Horse led a group of Lakotans and The North-West Chiefs visit an Industrial Institution, Toronto Globe, 15 October 1886, page 1. 134 Rev. Born Jumping Badger in 1831, the Teton Dakota boy was raised in modern-day South Dakota. If anything happens in the great country over the water you have it in your paper; but the poor Cree knows nothing of the world or what is in it. 132, The telephone, invented a decade earlier, was the greatest surprise. 1) Hiawatha They used tools made of stone and wood. 153 John Maclean, Canadian Savage Folk. Ojibwe civil rights activist Dennis Banks, born on the Leech Lake Reservation in Minnesota in 1937, led often-violent demonstrations against the U.S. governments mistreatment of Native Americans during the 1960s and 1970s. He died in Iowa, but his legend remains alive to this day. It had holy songs to go with it.19 Neither Crowfoot nor any of the other Blackfoot-speaking travellers had converted to Christianity. AMERICAN TRIBAL SOVEREIGNTY LEGAL BASIS: The Constitution of the United States, U.S. Supreme Court, federal and state laws, as well as historical treaties all support the federally-recognized Native American tribes' present-day legal rights to self-government and certain forms of limited tribal sovereignty. To help CALIE build this inspirational leaders page please CONTACT the webmaster to contribute your favorite Indian leaders or articles for publication. Sauk and Fox to fight settlers in Wisconsin and Illinois. Two years later he won the title Professional Champion of the World in another . Hall, From Treaties to Reserves, the Federal Government and Native Peoples in Territorial Alberta, 18701905 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 2015), 212,221222. While serving as a consultant on First Nations-related projects at the National Film Board of Canada, she made her first documentary, Christmas at Moose Factory, in 1971. Harold Cardinal (Cree):Herose to national prominence with the publication of The Unjust Society, in answer to then prime minister Pierre Trudeau's proclamation that Canada was a just society. He was the main author of the Red Paper another satirical response to the governments White Paper policy on the First Peoples. Little Crow (Kaposia Sioux) ASTRONOMY PORTAL He was only five when his father was killed during a raid on the Crow tribe, and a year later, his mother remarried to Akay-nehka-simi (Many Names) of the Siksika people. St. Kateri was canonized by Pope Benedict XVI on December 19, 2011, 332 years after her death. 97 John McLean [Maclean], The Indians of Canada Their Manners and Their Customs (Toronto: William Briggs, 1889), 79. The chiefs were most likely the only Native persons that many in their audiences had ever seen or heard speak. 141 Our Indian Visitors, Toronto Daily Mail, 19 August 1886. McDougalls summary of their activities in southern Ontario and Quebec is impressive: We examined the manufactories and beheld the crude material transformed into articles of use in every walk in life; saw iron cast into stoves, door locks, plows and car furnishings; saw wood made into paper covered with the news of the world; looked at the wool as it came from the sheep and witnessed it turned into flannels and blankets; saw cotton as it grew made into prints; went to Eddys Mills in Hull and saw the manufacture of pails, tubs, washboards, and matches for the millions.118 The air in Hull reeked from the stench of the Eddy Match Company and the lumber mills upstream. In History, Copyright 103 Indian Chiefs. Let us know who is on your #IndigenousTopTenin the comments section below or onFacebook and Twitter. Graham, 100104, the quote by Martin Benson, clerk of the Indian Schools, Department of Indian Affairs, appears on page 103. Aritana Yawalapiti was an influential chief and revered leader of the Yawalapiti tribe inside Brazil's Xingu Indigenous Park, a 6.5 million-acre park established in 1961 to protect the tribes in the area. Some years earlier Crowfoot had adopted the young Cree, who lived with the Blackfoot for several years, before returning to his own people. It only includes First Nations people, which by definition excludes Metis and Canadian Inuit groups. It was away the longest. Starblanket arrived back at his reserve in mid-November.108 By late 1886 both Starblanket and Big Child knew the relationship of mutual help and the sharing of the country were not to be. Iroquois, the Onondagas, the Senecas, the Cayugas, the Black Coal, Arapaho Red Clouds War, the most successful war ever waged by a If this harm was done in the white mans country it would be redressed.21, Van Horne gave Crowfoot a perpetual pass on the line, but provided no compensation for the damage caused by the trains.22 Crowfoots fight with the railway continued until his death four years later in 1890.23. CODE TALKERS Alanis Obomsawin's last name means "pathfinder, an apt description of her work as a singer, filmmaker, multimedia artist, and storyteller. He remains focused on advocating for the preservation of land and natural resources.His first name means water in Quechua. : Ahtahkakoop Publishing, 2000), 76. 60 The Chiefs Arrive from Quebec, Montreal Daily Herald, 7 October 1886. The western chiefs wore their treaty medals. @ 1993-2016 SOCIAL SERVICES The schools were conceived, designed and run almost entirely by non-Indigenous people. As Mtis scholar Emma LaRocque has written: It is a great loss to Canadian knowledge that, with the exception of Riel, western Native peoples were not able to tell us in their own written words the encounters and the facts of the invasion processes as these things happened to them.5, Fortunately press coverage does exist as well as the commentaries of both Rev. WebEdenshaw (or Edensaw, from a Tlingit word referring to the glacier) . As a friend of the First Nations, Macdonald opposed any reduction to the QuAppelle peoples land base. Corps of Discovery of the western part of the United He later wrote, it became one of the greatest institutions of its time and it turned out many really good men and women during its short span of activity. Joe Dion, My Tribe, the Crees(Calgary: Glenbow Museum, 1979), 157. My thanks to Hugh Dempsey for showing me his photocopies of all of Hams Daily Mail articles on the North West in early 1886, 5 January to 6 March. Hugh A. Dempsey Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre 1984), 64. 127 Departmental and Other Notes, Ottawa Citizen, 30 September 1886. Webster upon his visit to the Mohawk Institute, Brantford, and the Grand River Reserve Canada, October 1908 (London: Spottiswoode & Co., October 1908), 13. Copyright Louis Riel 4. 64 Dempsey, Red Crow, 167. Chiricahua Apache to fight against the encroachment of the The Cree chief had left in early August with great optimism. TRIBAL BLOGGERS, Indian Community: In Anglican missionary John Hiness words, Big Child excelled all the other Indians in his enthusiasm for hymn-singing; he was too old to learn to read, but he had no difficulty in committing the words to memory, and when he sang unto the Lord, making melody in his heart.54. 131 McDougall, In the Days of the Red River Rebellion, 94. John McLean [Maclean] M.A., Blood Reserve Alberta Canada, The Blackfoot Indian Confederacy (Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Illinois, 1888), page 139, Record Group 133/2: Non-Resident Theses. As historian Dempsey writes: They cast aside all the stoicism of the previous days, wiping out all the tensions and strangeness of the white mans world, and relaxed within sight of the familiar Rocky Mountains.148. Pied de Corbeau, Le Canadien (Montral), 5 octobre 1886. Edenshaw (or Edensaw, from a Tlingit word referring to the glacier) . Wilderness, Crazy Horse was also called Curly because of https://listverse.com/2017/10/16/10-greatest-native-american-chiefs-and-leaders The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, vol. In 1874, the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) was sent to the plains. Tom Longboat 5. The classic first appeared in 1892. OBITUARIES, Science & Wonder The Whitefish and Goodfish Cree tended crops and raised animals. Subscribe to this website and receive notification each time a free genealogy resource is newly published. I recall the time when working in the fields I was actually too hungry to be able to walk, let alone work, he said later. He is currently writing a new book Blind Spot, a look at non-Indigenous Canadians perspectives on the First Nations, 18672017. 112 Surprised Indians, Toronto Evening Telegram, 11 August 1886. John McDougall, Calgary Tribune, 3 December 1886. In a perfect world, the thirty women on this list would be household names. Her work on the CBC radio series ReVision Quest garnered a New York Festival silver medal and two ImagineNative awards. Frank Red Crow left Dunbow in the late 1890s, and on his return to the reserve became a prosperous rancher.
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