Get Directions. [106], In April 2021, riots erupted across Loyalist communities in Northern Ireland.[relevant? Fire engulfed the house next door, badly burning the elderly Protestant widow who lived there. Abilene Christian University. In October 1994, alongside the UDA and UVF, the group was part of the combined Loyalist Military Command ceasefire. Father Of The Protestant Reformation - Extramural Activity The Ulster Volunteer Force murdered more than 500 people during the Troubles. Wright was apparently enraged by the nickname and made numerous threats to O'Hagan and Campbell. UDA men patrolling the area had seen the pubs lights on and ordered Shaw and his friends to close the place down and go home. [80] This was to take effect from midnight. "For the. [136][137] This activity has been described as its preferred source of funds in the early 1970s,[138] and it continued into the 2000s, with the UVF in County Londonderry being active. The chip shop has since been closed down. The UDA's Johnny Adair supported the LVF and used the feud to stoke up the troubles that eventually flared in his feud with the UVF later that year. [62] In 1976, Tommy West was replaced with "Mr. F" who is alleged to be John "Bunter" Graham, who remains the incumbent Chief of Staff to date. [1] The bad blood originated from an incident in the Ulster Workers' Council strike of May 1974 when the two groups were co-operating in support of the Ulster Workers' Council. for a proxy bomb attack targeting a "peace-building" event in Belfast where Irish Foreign Minister Simon Coveney was speaking. [55] Police have made various arrests [56]. [84], In 2008, a loyalist splinter group calling itself the "Real UVF" emerged briefly to make threats against Sinn Fin in County Fermanagh. [26] In April 1966, Ulster loyalists led by Ian Paisley, a Protestant fundamentalist preacher, founded the Ulster Constitution Defence Committee (UCDC). [132] A British Army report released in 2006 estimated a peak membership of 1,000. Is UVFs Beast in the East behind new wave of riots? The UVF shot dead the first police officer to be murdered during the Troubles. [51][52] Gilmore died the following day, with the incident described as part of an ongoing feud in the town. Though, for its own purposes, it assumed the same name it has nothing else in common. Simmering tensions boiled over in a December 1999 incident involving LVF members and UVF Mid-Ulster brigadier Richard Jameson and his men at the Portadown F.C. of which I have been speaking. The group had been proscribed in July 1966, but this ban was lifted on 4 April 1974 by Merlyn Rees, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, in an effort to bring the UVF into the democratic process. Roy Green was killed in retaliation. The Ulster Defence Association, formed in 1971, had tens of thousands of members at its peak. Irlandzki republikanw w Irlandii Pnocnej - Irish Republicanism in They shot John Scullion, a Catholic civilian, as he walked home. [6] The UDA initially believed the IRA were responsible and intended to kidnap twenty Catholics in retaliation. [97], During the Belfast City Hall flag protests of 201213, senior UVF members were confirmed to have actively been involved in orchestrating violence and rioting against the PSNI and the Alliance Party throughout Northern Ireland during the weeks of disorder. Matters had come to a head when Wright's unit killed a Catholic taxi-driver during the Drumcree standoff. [31] He died of his wounds on 11 June. Mark Davenport from the BBC has stated that he spoke to a drug dealer who told him that he paid Billy Wright protection money. The Loyalist Volunteer Force was founded by Billy Wright, who was murdered in the Maze prison in December 1997. we solemnly warn the authorities to make no more speeches of appeasement. [55] He had been a prominent UVF member and was thought to have ordered or participated in about 20 killings. [31], On 26 June, the group shot dead a Catholic civilian and wounded two others as they left a pub on Malvern Street, Belfast. It comprises high-ranking officers under a Chief of Staff or Brigadier-General. A loyalist feud refers to any of the sporadic feuds which have erupted almost routinely between Northern Ireland's various loyalist paramilitary groups during and after the ethno-political conflict known as the Troubles broke out in 1969. [87] The IICD confirmed that "substantial quantities of firearms, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices" had been decommissioned and that for the UVF and RHC, decommissioning had been completed. With a few exceptions, such as Mid-Ulster brigadier Billy Hanna (a native of Lurgan), the Brigade Staff members have been from the Shankill Road or the neighbouring Woodvale area to the west. [121], Like the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), the UVF's modus operandi involved assassinations, mass shootings, bombings and kidnappings. '[164], The UVF's satellite organisation, the Red Hand Commando, was described by the IMC in 2004 as "heavily involved" in drug dealing. [158], The UVF have been implicated in drug dealing in areas from where they draw their support. [26] The 'Paisleyites' set out to stymie the civil rights movement and oust Terence O'Neill, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. "FIFTH REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT MONITORING COMMISSION", Select Committee on Northern Ireland Affairs - Part One: The continuing threat from paramilitary organisations, "Inside story: Why the IRA never attacked Scotland", "Revealed: how Scots loyalists sent gelignite to paramilitaries. It was the UVF's deadliest attack in Northern Ireland, and the deadliest attack in Belfast during the Troubles. [40] Along with another associate they were charged with attempting to murder Borland and Andre Shoukri and were remanded in custody. Security sources have previously said that with more than 2,000. [50], In 1974, hardliners staged a coup and took over the Brigade Staff. Former PSNI superintendent Ken Pennington said he. [156] On 10 February 1976, following the sudden uptick of violence against Catholic civilians by loyalist militants, Irish cardinal William Conway and nine other Catholic bishops met with British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his cabinet, asking them as to where the loyalist militants had acquired guns, to which Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Merlyn Rees replied "Canada". The report added that individuals, some current and some former members, in the group have, without the orders from above, continued to "localised recruitment", and although some continued to try and acquire weapons, including a senior member, most forms of crime had fallen, including shootings and assaults. Less extreme measures will be taken against anyone sheltering or helping them, but if they persist in giving them aid, then more extreme methods will be adopted. [68], The UVF also attacked republican paramilitaries and political activists. The new Brigade Staff's aim was to carry out attacks against known republicans rather than Catholic civilians. Jim 'Jimbo' Simpson - dubbed the 'Bacardi Brigadier' when he was the organisation's north Belfast leader - was believed to have fled Northern Ireland with several supporters shortly after the failed coup. Uniquely among loyalist paramilitaries it uses an Irish language motto. Armed men hijacked a van on the nearby Shankill Road and forced the driver to take a device to a church on the Crumlin Road. 5 for $40 Sale 5 for $40: Snacks and Drinks Special Orders for Any Occasion Video, The secret mine that hid the Nazis' stolen treasure, the shooting dead of five Catholics at a Belfast bookmakers, According to an MI5/police intelligence assessment in 2021, asking to be taken off the list of proscribed organisations, said groups like them should "simply go away", MasterChef Australia host Jock Zonfrillo dies, Banana artwork in Seoul museum eaten by visitor, Trevelyan relative 'would consider' famine payment, NFL player's daughter, aged two, drowns in pool, Four dead after suspected pigeon racer dispute, Ding becomes China's first male world chess champion, Indian 'killer' elephant relocated to tiger reserve. Consent Search for articles. It used submachine guns, assault rifles, shotguns, pistols, grenades (including homemade grenades), incendiary bombs, booby trap bombs and car bombs. 2017date: South East Antrim Brigade feud, The UDA divides its membership into six vaguely geographic areas which it labels "brigades" with the six commanders styled "Brigadiers". Southern Utah Thunderbirds News, Scores, Status, Schedule - College Secret memo says explosives were shipped in small boats", "The Canadian Dimension to the Northern Ireland Conflict", "BBC - The Devenport Diaries: Remembering Billy Wright", "Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)", "Sutton Index of Deaths: Status of the person killed", CAIN University of Ulster Conflict Archive, Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC, Murders of Andrew Robb and David McIlwaine, Ulster Loyalist Central Co-ordinating Committee, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Volunteer_Force&oldid=1151340617, Proscribed paramilitary organisations in Northern Ireland, Organizations based in Europe designated as terrorist, Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom, Organised crime groups in Northern Ireland, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox militant organization with unknown parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, All articles that may have off-topic sections, Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from June 2022, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, May 1966 present (on ceasefire since October 1994; officially ended armed campaign in May 2007), Unnamed Chief of Staff (1974 October 1975). It was responsible for more than 500 deaths. The no-warning car bombings had been carried out by units from the Belfast and Mid-Ulster brigades. Andre Khalef Shoukri was born in 1977, the son of a Coptic Christian Egyptian father and a Northern Irish mother. [60] The hawks had been ousted by those in the UVF who were unhappy with their political and military strategy. [13] According to the book Lost Lives (2006 edition), it was responsible for 569 killings. Ulster Volunteer Force - Wikipedia Is climate change killing Australian wine? We are heavily armed Protestants dedicated to this cause. Wednesday's house attacks in Newtownards by the South East Antrim UDA centre on a personal dispute and ended up with bricks and broken glass narrowly missing a baby sleeping in a pram. The Mid-Ulster Brigade was also responsible for the 1975 Miami Showband killings, in which three members of the popular Irish cabaret band were shot dead at a bogus military checkpoint by gunmen in British Army uniforms. The feud between the UVF and the LVF began as an internal feud but quickly changed when Billy Wright established the LVF as a separate organisation. It was formed in 1966 and adopted the names and symbols of the original UVF, the movement founded in 1912 by Sir Edward Carson to fight against Irish home rule. The "dissident" South East Antrim UDA is having its drug-dealing empire dismantled by the Paramilitary Crime Task Force,. Both men were placed under death sentences. [23], However, with Tyrie confirmed in overall control of the UDA, Harding Smith initially remained silent until, in 1974, he declared that the West Belfast brigade of the movement was splitting from the mainstream UDA on the pretext of a visit to Libya organised by Tyrie in a failed attempt to procure arms from Colonel Qadaffi. Thu 6 Oct 2022 at 23:00 The South-East Antrim UDA has carried out seven brutal murders in Carrickfergus since 1995, but no one has ever been convicted in connection with them. South Rim, UT Real Estate & Homes for Sale - Realtor.com This was a general strike in protest against the Sunningdale Agreement, which meant sharing political power with Irish nationalists and the Republic having more involvement in Northern Ireland. Oct 07 // football. [54] Gilmore had been targeted in an unsuccessful crossbow attack the previous August. Adair was returned to prison by the Secretary of State on 14 September, although the feud continued with four more killed before the end of the year. "The Dublin and Monaghan bombings: Cover-up and incompetence". The assessment says there are about 7,500 people in the UVF and 5,000 in the UDA. There have been threats this year to journalists and politicians following stories about the South East Antrim UDA's criminal activities in the Sunday World and Sunday Life newspapers. Two UVF men were accidentally blown up in this attack. Herron was killed in September 1973 in an attack that remains unsolved. [14] But, aside from these exceptions, Adair's attempt to ignite a full-scale war between the two organisations failed, as both the UVF and UDA leaderships moved decisively to contain the trouble within the Shankill area, where hundreds of families had been displaced, and focused on dealing with its source as well as its containment. Eight people were shot dead and hundreds were injured. [34] Unionist support for O'Neill waned, and on 28 April he resigned as Prime Minister. [45] However this new leadership also began a feud with the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) group in Mount Vernon, a move which was not endorsed by their previous allies in West Belfast. At that time, the Stormont Executive almost collapsed but was saved by the assessment which said the Provisional IRA was wholly committed to the political process. Bloodshed was averted after a leading member of a breakaway faction left NI and others faced arrest [32], In 2013 it was reported in the Belfast Telegraph that the UDA West Belfast Brigade had become so associated with criminality and racketeering that the three other Belfast-based brigadiers, Jackie McDonald (South Belfast), Jimmy Birch (East Belfast) and John Bunting (North Belfast), no longer felt able to deal with the western leadership. Twenty tons of ammonium nitrate was also stolen from the Belfast docks.[45]. Loyalist paramilitary groups in NI 'have 12,500 members' It was alleged that Colin Armstrong had links to both drugs and loyalist terrorists. According to the media, the UVF did hand over a significant haul, including half a tonne of explosives, detonators, rocket-propelled grenades, heavy and light machineguns, handguns and shotguns, more than 300 pipe bombs, and thousands of . While most of the UDA guests at Adair's carnival had duly left for home when it became apparent that he was using it to engineer violent conflict with the UVF, festivities nonetheless continued late into the night on the Lower Shankill, where Adair hosted an open air rave party and fireworks display. [34] The loyalists "intended to force a crisis which would so undermine confidence in O'Neill's ability to maintain law and order that he would be obliged to resign". In 2018, the then PSNI Chief Constable George Hamilton said members of the UDA and UVF were still involved in organised crime. However, the UVF spurned the government efforts and continued killing. In 1984, the UVF attempted to kill the northern editor of the Sunday World, Jim Campbell after he had exposed the paramilitary activities of Mid-Ulster brigadier Robin Jackson. ][107] On 11 April, the UVF reportedly ordered the removal of Catholic families from a housing estate in Carrickfergus. Leader of the, 414 (~85%) were civilians, 11 of whom were civilian political activists, 21 (~4%) were members or former members of republican paramilitary groups, 44 (~9%) were members or former members of loyalist paramilitary groups, 6 (~1%) were members of the British security forces. [89] Eleven months later, a man was arrested and charged with the attempted murder of the UVF's alleged second-in-command Harry Stockman, described by the Belfast Telegraph as a "senior Loyalist figure". The LVF was founded by Billy Wright when he, along with the Portadown unit of the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade, was stood down by the UVF leadership on 2 August 1996 for breaking the ceasefire[16] This origin underscored frequent battles between the two movements. During this time he restructured the organisation into brigades, battalions, companies, platoons and sections. UDA - UVF - Loyalists in Northern Ireland - Full Documentary The UVF very clearly have involvement in drug dealing, all forms of gangsterism, serious assaults, intimidation of the community. The UVF agreed to a ceasefire in October 1994. Most populous nation: Should India rejoice or panic? (801) 377-1791. [32] Spence appointed Samuel McClelland as UVF Chief of Staff in his stead. Fifteen Catholic civilians were killed and seventeen wounded. In recent years, it has been linked to serious criminality including drug dealing. [47] John Boreland was shot dead soon after this. social club in which the LVF supporters were severely beaten. Progress on Loyalist decommissioning | An Phoblacht Loyalists were successful in importing arms into Northern Ireland. Formed in 1965,[7] it first emerged in 1966. we know at the time of 2015, the security assessment highlighted a commitment to the democratic institutions and a whole commitment to politics but we have to keep our eyes wide open.". Blair attempted to shore up his position by recruiting former allies of Bunting to his side, having reportedly been only sixth choice for the role with several more prominent figures turning down the job as a "poisoned chalice". Violence broke out between UVF men who had been standing outside the Rex watching the procession and the group involved in unfurling the contentious flag, which had been discreetly concealed near the tail end of the parade. The UDA, the largest of the loyalist paramilitary groups, has seen a number of internal struggles within its history. According to an MI5/police intelligence assessment in 2021, the South East Antrim UDA"has access to arms and is heavily involved in drugs supply, community coercion, intimidation and other criminality". The UDA remained a legal organisation until it was banned in August 1992. It would attack the Republic again in May 1974, during the two-week Ulster Workers' Council strike. On the basis of that, we as a federation have called for the respecification of the UVF [stating that its ceasefire is over]. [37][38] There were further attacks in the Republic between October and December 1969. [126][127] The UVF did not return to regular bombings until the early 1990s when it obtained a quantity of the mining explosive Powergel. Both groups have been active in Carrickfergus in recent weeks, with the UVF sending 25 masked men onto the Glenfield estate to intimidate a family following a dispute between teenage girls. Shaw refused, and the UDA men left, but they returned a short while later with a shotgun, determined to close the pub down. This is the first full assessment to emerge publicly, since 2015, when the British Government set out the position with all the different groups, following the IRA murder of Belfast man Kevin McGuigan. 1774 N University Pkwy. [11] Amidst an atmosphere of increasing tension in the area, Adair decided to host a "Loyalist Day of Culture" on the Shankill on Saturday 19 August 2000, which saw thousands of UDA members from across Northern Ireland descend on his Lower Shankill stronghold, where a series of newly commissioned murals were officially unveiled on a day which also featured a huge UDA/UFF parade and armed UDA/UFF show of strength. They were blamed by the PSNI on members of the UVF, who also said UVF guns had been used to try to kill police officers. [89] The Progressive Unionist Party's condemnation, and Dawn Purvis and other leaders' resignations as a response to the Moffett shooting, were also noted. Two members of the group survived the attack and later testified against those responsible. The arms are thought to have consisted of: The UVF used this new infusion of arms to escalate their campaign of sectarian assassinations. [41] Catholic churches were also attacked. US. Explosives for the north were mostly shipped in small boats which set out at night from the Scottish coast and made contact at sea with vessels from Ulster ports." Captain Robert Nairac of 14 Intelligence Company was alleged to have been involved in many acts of UVF violence. Eventually a ceasefire was reluctantly agreed upon by the majority of those involved in the feuding after new procedures were established with the aim of preventing the escalation of any future problems between the two organisations, and after consideration was paid to the advice of Gary McMichael and David Ervine, the then leaders of the two political wings of loyalism.[15]. [15] Whenever it claimed responsibility for its attacks, the UVF usually claimed that those targeted were IRA members or were giving help to the IRA. The Irish parliament's Joint Committee on Justice called the bombings an act of "international terrorism" involving the British security forces. Ontario is to Ulster Protestants what Boston is to Irish Catholics." ", "Ulster Volunteer Force is no longer on ceasefire, police warn", "Gary Haggarty: Ex-senior loyalist pleads guilty to 200 terror charges", "Police seize drugs and arrest 11 during raids on east Belfast UVF", "Nine men charged after east Belfast UVF police raids", "Brexit: loyalist paramilitary groups renounce Good Friday agreement", "NI riots: What is behind the violence in Northern Ireland? These included the Miami Showband killings of 31 July 1975 when three members of the popular showband were killed, having been stopped at a fake British Army checkpoint outside Newry in County Down. [3] A joint statement described it as a tragic accident, although a subsequent UVF inquiry put the blame on Stephen Goatley and John Fulton, both UDA men. [130], The UVF has killed more people than any other loyalist paramilitary group. (2006) "Neglected Intelligence: How the British Government Failed to Quell the Ulster Volunteer Force, 19121914. Many members of the 2nd Battalion Shankill Road West Belfast Brigade, commonly known as 'C' Company, stood by Adair and White, while the rest of the organisation were involved with attacks on these groups and vice versa. [58] These men had overthrown the "hawkish" officers, who had called for a "big push", which meant an increase in violent attacks, earlier in the same month. [79], On 3 May 2007, following recent negotiations between the Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) and Irish Taoiseach Bertie Ahern and with Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) Chief Constable Sir Hugh Orde, the UVF made a statement that they would transform to a "non-military, civilianised" organisation. Prior to this the atmosphere at the Rex had been jovial, with the UVF spectators even joining in to sing UDA songs along to the tunes of the UDA-aligned flute bands which accompanied the approximately ten thousand UDA men on their parade up the Shankill Road. From that time until the early 1990s the Mid-Ulster Brigade was led by Robin "the Jackal" Jackson, who then passed the leadership to Billy Wright. In 1990, the UVF joined the Combined Loyalist Military Command (CLMC) and indicated its acceptance of moves towards peace. Veteran anti-UVF campaigner Raymond McCord, whose son, Raymond Jr., a Protestant, was beaten to death by UVF men in 1997, estimates the UVF has killed more than thirty people since its 1994 ceasefire, most of them Protestants. Adair's time as leader came to an end on 6 February 2003 when south Belfast brigadier Jackie McDonald led a force of around 100 men onto the Shankill to oust Adair, who promptly fled to England. Although many are not active, sources say they are still "card carrying" members. [59] This was endorsed by Gusty Spence, who issued a statement asking all UVF volunteers to support the new regime. In October 1975, the UVF was undermined when soldiers and police swooped on houses in Belfast and East Antrim and arrested 26 men. The South East Antrim Ulster Defence Association is a standalone faction of the UDA and was once part of its inner council. View the 2022 Southern Utah Football Schedule at FBSchedules.com. [16] Jackie McDonald replaced Kerr, becoming, for the second time, leader of the South Belfast Brigade. As it turned out, the victims, Andrew Robb and David McIlwaine, were not part of any loyalist paramilitary organisation. [49], The brigade formed part of the Glenanne gang, a loose alliance of loyalist assassins which the Pat Finucane Centre has linked to 87 killings in the 1970s. [69] Republicans responded to the attacks by assassinating senior UVF members John Bingham, William "Frenchie" Marchant and Trevor King[70] as well as Leslie Dallas, whose purported UVF membership was disputed both by his family and the UVF. Shipping locations near you | FedEx Provo [156] A Canadian branch of the UDA also existed and sent $30,000 to the UDA's headquarters in Belfast by 1975. This page is not available in other languages. Adair by this time had forged close links with the dissident LVF, a breakaway group to which the UVF was ardently opposed. On 17 February 1979, the UVF carried out its only major attack in Scotland, when its members bombed two pubs in Glasgow frequented by Irish-Scots Catholics. The leaked threat assessment says the Provisional IRA still exists; there are now a dozen paramilitary groups - more than during the Troubles - and seven of these groups are dissident republican. "[145], Protestants in Canada also supported the loyalist paramilitaries in the conflict. Democratic Unionist Party MP Gavin Robinson said his party were mindful of the situation. "There can be no naivety around that," he said. "[159], According to Alan McQuillan, the assistant director of the Assets Recovery Agency in 2005, "In the loyalist community, drug dealing is run by the paramilitaries and it is generally run for personal gain by a large number of people." Self-confessed UVF members Ian and Robert Stewart are to give evidence against nine men accused of UVF membership, shootings and hijackings in the south-east Antrim area. [94][95] A dissident Republican was arrested for "the attempted murder of police officers in east Belfast" after shots were fired upon the police. During 1970, 42 Catholic-owned licensed premises in Protestant areas were bombed. [29], A second internal feud arose in 2002 when Johnny Adair and former politician John White were expelled from the UDA. Anderson, Malcolm & Bort, Eberhard (1999). It began carrying out gun attacks to kill random Catholic civilians and using car bombs to attack Catholic-owned pubs. 2023 BBC. [25], Since 1964 and the formation of the Campaign for Social Justice, there had been a growing civil rights campaign in Northern Ireland, seeking to highlight discrimination against Catholics by the unionist government of Northern Ireland. Did this woman die because her genitals were cut? The reason for this was with the men not working and funds being tight, the wives saw what little money they did have being spent at the pubs and social clubs controlled by UDA/UVF; therefore, the wives put pressure on the leaders of both groups to shut them down for the duration of the strike, and after consultation they agreed. But its first victims, a Protestant woman and two Catholic men, had no connections with the IRA. Adair's former ally Mo Courtney, who had returned to the mainstream UDA immediately before the attack, was appointed the new West Belfast brigadier, ending the feud. [13] Violence also spread to North Belfast, where members of the UVF's Mount Vernon unit shot and killed a UDA member, David Greer, in the Tiger's Bay area, sparking a series of killings in that part of the city. [55] The UVF was banned again on 3 October 1975 and two days later twenty-six suspected UVF members were arrested in a series of raids. Within the UDA was a group tasked with launching paramilitary attacks; it used the covername Ulster Freedom Fighters ( UFF) so that the UDA would not be outlawed. Widely known as a man with a fearsome reputation, Gregg was considered a " hawk " in loyalist circles. [94] The UVF leader in East Belfast, who is popularly known as the "Beast of the East" and "Ugly Doris" also known as by real name Stephen Matthews, ordered the attack on Catholic homes and a church in the Catholic enclave of the Short Strand. Security sources have previously said that with more than 2,000 members, it is one of Northern Ireland's largest paramilitary gangs. Alex Kerr (loyalist) - Wikipedia The largest loyalist paramilitary groups throughout the Troubles were the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) and the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and they remain the largest active groups. Its first leader was Gusty Spence, a former British Army soldier from Northern Ireland.
Rice Flour Face Pack For Dark Spots,
Bible Verses For Different Situations Pdf,
Articles S
