The strength of the intraclass correlation coefficients was assessed according to the rating scale of Vincent.23 We prepared Bland-Altman plots21 to evaluate agreement between measurement methods for urine specific gravity. ABH 611 Rock Springs Rd, Escondido, CA 92025, where was the first artificial ice rink built, hmh science dimensions the diversity of living things answer key, michigan microbusiness license requirements, southwest airlines covid testing requirements, Tcs Agile For Beginners Quiz Answers 2020, Metabo Cordless Framing Nailer Extended Magazine, convert wav to mp3 windows 10 media player, meridith funeral home obituaries highland, il, what happened to stephanie from extreme cheapskates, north germanic language primarily spoken in denmark, texas tech university health sciences center school of medicine, advantages of refractometer compared to urinometer. 2019 Nov 11;19(22):4911. doi: 10.3390/s19224911. Armstrong LE, Soto JAH, Hacker FT, Jr, Casa DJ, Kavouras SA, Maresh CM. Finally, scientists from Miles Laboratories,13 which produces N-MULTISTIX reagent strips, compared their reagent strips with refractometry in 791 nonhospitalized subjects. Interobserver reliability of canine urine specific gravity assessed by analog or digital refractometers. cinma orlans : programme. Easy to interpret; Cost-effective; The analysis can be done in just a few minutes of collecting urine. Where should I start working out out of shape? If you have a specific gravity of urine under 1.030, it means you are still within the normal range. (1, 2, and 3). 'Specific gravity' is a function of the number, density and Refractometers are especially useful for determining urine specific gravity on veterinary samples because they require relatively small sample volumes. Hydrometer results were adjusted for temperature by adding or subtracting 0.001 specific-gravity units for each 3C above or below 20C, respectively.22. i. Refractometer: determines the concentration of the dissolved particles in the specimen by measuring the refractive index. All rights reserved. Easy to interpret Cost-effective The analysis can be done in just a few minutes of collecting urine. A spectrophotometer is a machine used to determine the absorbance of light at any given wavelength. This approach plots the differences between 2 measurement devices against the mean of the measurement devices. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Before you use a refractometer, it needs to be calibrated. Hydrometer and reagent-strip measurements were significantly greater than refractometer measurements, a finding also shown with the Bland-Altman plots (see Figures Figures11 and and2).2). Picture Source: encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com. Specific gravity = Density of urine / Density of water. A spectrophotometer is an instrument which measures the amount of light of a specified wavelength which passes through a medium. Your email address will not be published. During preparticipation physical examinations, athletic trainers identified collegiate football players and monitored hydration status (n = 69 samples) during preseason practices. You lift up the daylight (sample plate), and add a few drops of distilled water. If absorbance was above 1.5, samples were diluted. In both plots, data points occurred outside the 95% limits of agreement, which potentially influenced the analysis-of-variance results (decreased methods effect sizes) and the intraclass correlation coefficients (decreased correlation coefficients). Measuring urine S.G. A refractometer is an instrument that measures the refractive index of a liquid. Finally, the recent National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement on fluid replacement for athletes stated that urine specific gravity measured by a refractometer should be used to determine the hydration status of athletes.10. You have to compare the color in the test strip to the reference for color changes on the plastic bottle container. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 8600 Rockville Pike When the new wrestling rules were first introduced in 1998,4 the NCAA allowed the use of all 3 methods to assess urine specific gravity. It is used to check urine at home. and transmitted securely. Refractometer: determines the concentration of the dissolved particles in the specimen by measuring the refractive index. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Each tester measured the specific gravity of each urine subsample in the following order: reagent strip, hydrometer, and refractometer. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Refractometers showed reporting bias compared with the Brix solutions used as a reference standard for urine. The most efficient way of determining concentration is to prepare a set of standard solutions of known. Trial A measurements were significantly lower than trial B measurements (F1,80 = 5.769, P = .0186). While analog handheld refractometers require an external light source for measurement, digital refractometers use light from an internal LED light source. Dimensions Place a drop or two of a sample on the prism and read the results. Meister I, Zhang P, Sinha A, Skld CM, Wheelock M, Izumi T, Chaleckis R, Wheelock CE. PMC The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Oct 1, 2012 #11 Homercidal said: lettre de motivation stage avocat 3me Both analog and digital handheld refractometers work according to the critical angle principle. Schnirring L. NCAA strengthens weight-cutting rules. Daniel G. Drury contributed to analysis and interpretation of the data and critical revision and final approval of the article. METHODS Twenty freshman NCAA Division II college football players provided urine samples on the initial day of preseason practice and again following one week of two-a day practices. When it comes to urine specific gravity levels, each lab sets standards; however, many labs set a normal urine specific gravity range between 1.020 and 1.028. Hunt V. Sport pins down new regulations to help ensure safe competition. Using a Handheld Analog Refractometer advantages: The hand held refractometer is very easy to operate. Read the scale value at the point where the dark and light portions meet. Fully automated urine chemistry analyzers often use an onboard refractometer to obtain a specific gravity reading. A refractometer can be affected by particle size, temperature, and concentration of the solution as well as light wavelength. Manual methods are being replaced by digital refractometers for many reasons. Rudinsky AJ, Wellman M, Tracy G, Stoltenberg L, DiBartola SP, Chew DJ. Urinometer What are the benefits of a refractometer? Bland JM, Altman DG. Comparison of hydrometry, refractometry, osmometry, and Ames N-Multistix SG in estimation of urinary concentration. The sample solution will have its own wavelength and will absorb a certain amount of light. Urine specific gravity measurement: reagent strip versus refractometer. When performing the test in a laboratory setting, you will be given a sterile container to catch the urine sample. Measurement. Refractive index compares: Light velocity in air with light velocity in solutions. Urinometer. When glucose is present in large amounts, reagent strips should not be affected. 2015 Sep;63(5):254-9. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2014.1002553. This study sought to validate clinical measures of urine concentration against the criterion standard, urine osmolality. It checks for chemical substances that might be present in urine, which aids in checking the persons health condition, urine concentration, and the existence of a particular disease. Web measuring urine osmolality has many advantages (Table 1). Why SJF Cannot be implemented practically? As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. The sensitivity of a test indicates how well a test finds disease positives (ie, those with the condition, such as dehydration). 2 What are the advantages of refractometry? Some solutes, such as acetone, may cause false increases in specific gravity by refractometry, as they increase refraction but are less dense than water. They have become ubiquitous for the measurement of protein and urine solute concentrations because of their rapidity of analysis, ease of use, and relatively low cost. Distilled water provided the calibration standard for the hydrometers before use. II. The advantages and disadvantages of a urine test strip Advantages. Refractometer. In one tertiary care facility, nurses used the refractometer to test urine specific gravity and the reagent strip to test for other substances. This study was designed to provide data to determine if the reagent strip and the refractometer were interchangeable for measuring urine specific gravity in pediatric clients. Most refractometers are calibrated by using a sample of distilled water. It only shows limited information about the composition of urine. We calculated a 3 2 4 (method trial tester) repeated-measures analysis of variance for significant mean differences in urine specific-gravity measurements among methods, trials, and testers with alpha set at P < .05 and followed up with Scheff post hoc comparisons. Instant results - Readings are done "on the spot;" no need to wait for lab results. Refractometers are especially useful for determining urine specific gravity on veterinary samples because they require relatively small sample volumes. Substances are put into cuvettes that are glass or quartz containers that light can easily travel through. The more particles there are in a liquid the more a beam of light will be bent (refracted) as it passes from one medium to another e.g. Finally, analysis of the data in Table Table11 and Figure Figure55 reveals that reagent-strip measurements were not consistent between trials for the testers or among testers. Urine samples were divided into 2 subsamples (trials A and B) for analysis. ii. Hence, before undergoing urinalysis, you have to inform your doctor if you are taking a particular supplement or if you are under a maintenance drug. (4) Definition. Burkhardt AE, Johnston KG, Waszak CE, Jackson CE, Shafer SR. A reagent strip for measuring the specific gravity of urine. Three certified athletic trainers and one athletic training student who were experienced in refractometer, hydrometer, and reagent-strip measurements served as testers. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The refractometer was reliable between trials for each tester and among all testers. the density of dissolved chemicals in urine compared with the density of water. A standard laboratory thermometer measured urine temperature at the time of assessment. A false positive was defined as a measurement with the hydrometer or reagent strip indicating dehydration (value exceeded 1.020), when the refractometer indicated euhydration (value did not exceed 1.020). The advantages and disadvantages of a urine test strip Advantages It is convenient to use. Next, pour 25 mL of tap water into the graduated cylinder. The validity of hydrometry and reagent strips was assessed by comparison with refractometry, the criterion measure for urine specific gravity. In contrast, other researchers12,1619 assessing the validity of reagent strips with refractometry have reported that the reagent strips are not an acceptable alternative to refractometry. Equipment. It works by measuring the refraction of light through the liquid and calculating the sugar content based on that measurement. This instrument is usually used for the measurement of reflectance of solutions. The refractometer is a well-known equipment for determining the amount of water in liquids. Because the enthalpy of solution for gases dissolved in waters is usually, of being able to analyze multiple samples in a short amount of time. plaque de cuisson gaz bouteille Av. Adams LJ. It is a must to obtain a clean-catch urine. Specific gravity of plasma entering glomerulus: Definition. National Collegiate Athletic Association Wrestling Rules Committee. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. What is the difference between HSI and Hscei? Most refractometers use a prism and a light source to illuminate the sample. Doctors who typically orders urinalysis include: Image 2: Different components of the body can be determined using urine as a specimen. To investigate the reliability and validity of refractometry, hydrometry, and reagent strips in assessing urine specific gravity in collegiate wrestlers. WebWhat is a refractometer What are the advantages of using a refractometer compared to a urinometer? They suggested that the correction for glucose was appropriate but probably academic. Sensitivity of the reagent strips was 38% and specificity was 83%. large volume needed correct for temp. advantages of refractometer compared to urinometer. Think of it as a basic necessity. It was calibrated with distilled water before use. The advantages of Abbemat refractometers compared to other concentration measuring techniques are measuring speed, ease of operation, highest accuracy, low sample volume and no need of sample preparation. False negatives (fail refractometer, pass other method) also occurred with the hydrometer (3/168, 2%) and reagent strips (15/168, 9%). The reliability of a method is typically determined by the test-retest method.23 Second, how do the methods compare? These wrestlers were dehydrated, but the hydrometer or reagent-strip measurement indicated euhydration, allowing the establishment of a weight class. Bland-Altman plot for refractometry and reagent strips. There are several advantages to using a refractometer instead of a hydrometer, especially in that the refractometer does not suffer from many of the same shortcomings of the hydrometer. Byproducts of both normal and abnormal metabolisms, Abnormal levels of a particular substance in the blood. Brandon CA. Clinical refractometers also measure the refractive index of a sample, the urine specific gravity, and the percent solid in aqueous solutions. A refractometer is a device which measures the content (brix or sugar, honey, urine, salt, battery fluid) of a solution by the refraction of light. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. The Schuco Clinical Refractometer (model 5711-2021; Williston Park, NY) has a temperature-compensating dial and graduated intervals of 0.005 units with a scale ranging from 1.000 to 1.040. Accurately identify the presence of leukocytes and nitrite in a urine specimen. Zack JF., Jr Evaluation of a specific gravity test strip. Third, a refractometer is less likely to break than a urinometer. Intraclass correlations between reagent strips or hydrometry and refractometry ranged from low to moderate. Examination of the method trial tester interaction (see Table Table1,1, Figure Figure3)3) reveals that the refractometer was reliable by trial and tester, which was further confirmed by a high intraclass correlation between trials. False positives (pass refractometer, fail other method) occurred with both hydrometry (47/168, 28%) and reagent strips (25/168, 15%). We thank Sharon Birch for her statistical expertise and Michael Cantele, Joseph Donolli, and Kristin Petrovia for their assistance in data collection. Popowski et al11 also concluded that measurement of urine specific gravity by refractometry was a valid assessment of hydration status, although it may lag somewhat behind plasma osmolality during progressive acute dehydration. Anal Chem. It helps assess whether the treatment the patient currently receives is effective. Combination of an Axicon Fiber Tip and a Camera Device into a Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor. Advantages are, only one or two drops of urine is sufficient and temperature correction not necessary. All specific-gravity measurements were read to the nearest 0.001 specific-gravity unit. Refraction of light offers advantages for the determination of solute concentrations because the measurement requires no chemical alteration of the specimen. Refractometer advantages: nexpensive instrument Refractometer disadvantages: Tedious calibration No instrument protocol Operator dependent readings( limited accuracy) Long and difficult thermosetting (water bath is required after each experiment) Hydrometer advantages: Quick instrument Simple method Inexpensive instrument A urine specific gravity test compares the density of urine with the density of water. Image 5: This is how a chart for urine dipstick analysis test looks like. The method trial tester interaction was significant (F6,160 = 4.085, P = .0008) (Table (Table1).1). Easy to operate - Simply read the instructions that accompany the refractometer. These include red blood cells, white blood cells, and epithelial cells. We will be using a laboratory scale or balance and the graduated cylinder to determine the density of water and of alcohol. Refractometer measurements were significantly lower than hydrometer or reagent-strip measurements (F2,160 = 8.993, P = .0002). 3 Which is better hydrometer or refractometer? Aside from restricting foods, there might be some supplements and non-prescription drugs you need to completely avoid before the test. - R. = comparison of velocity of light in air w/the velocity of light in a solution. Thoroughly clean the urinary opening. Indianapolis, IN: National Collegiate Athletic Association; 1998. Copyright 2023 MassInitiative | All rights reserved. Because urine specific gravity determines a wrestler's hydration status during the weight-certification process, consideration of false-positive and false-negative hydrometer and reagent-strip results takes on added importance. What are the advantages of refractometry? 'Specific gravity' is a function of the number, density and weight of the solute particles present in the urine, and is used as a measure of the concentrating power of the kidney. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Refractometer to determine specific gravity: The principle is First, what are the characteristics of each method? 2021 May;33(3):611-614. doi: 10.1177/1040638721998295. It does not store any personal data. What are the advantages of the refractometer? D=m/v=mass/volume. Discuss the correction needed to compensate for high molecular substances as glucose or protein in determining the no need to correct for temp The amplifier is used to amplify the signals and that amplified signals are passed through a feedback network and generates the output. Research to assess the validity of hydrometry and reagent strips compared with refractometry to determine urine specific gravity has provided mixed results. Summary. It might not always yield to accurate result as urine test using a test strip is time-sensitive. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Specific gravity continues to be the most common unit for reporting total solids concentration. (Level 2) 13. These wrestlers were euhydrated, but the hydrometer or reagent-strip measurement indicated that they were dehydrated, negating establishment of a weight class. A recorder wrote down the specific-gravity measurements on the data sheets so that testers could not compare the values of the measurements. What are the advantages of using a refractometer compared to a urinometer? The molar absorptivitas results obtained are used in the determination of the percentage of the sample levels. Next, subtract the mass of the empty, Temperature is known as one of the factors that affect the solubility of a gas in its solvent. Advantages of Reractometer. Bland-Altman plot for refractometry and hydrometry. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. However, interclass correlations may not be the appropriate statistical technique because the same variable is being correlated. the density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature. Refractometer Clinical Refractometer measures urine specific gravity, or gives the refractive index in seconds. The following instruments were used to assess urine specific gravity.
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