Thomas's original Cherokee interpretation, 47, Issue. 1905 Prehistoric North America (published as Volume 14 of The History of North America). 2. While much of the original confluence of Bat Creek and the Little Tennessee was submerged by the lake, the mound in which the Bat Creek Stone was found was located above the reservoir's operating levels. indication as to how they read the letters on the Bat Creek stone [3] He asserted that the inscription "could be translated as some variation of 'For the Jews'". "The Translation" (Bat Creek Stone), Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's 1970 The Davenport Conspiracy. 1988b Fantastic Messages From the Past. CrossRef; Google Scholar; Mickel, Allison and Byrd, Nylah 2022. [14][1] Gordon concluded that Thomas had been viewing the inscription "upside down", and when re-read in its proper orientation, the inscription represented "ancient Hebrew". Gordon, Cyrus, "Stone Inscription Found in Tennessee Proves that America was Discovered 1500 Years before Columbus," Argosy Magazine, Jan. 1971a. with mem, in which case this word would instead read The Bat Creek inscription (also called the Bat Creek stone or Bat Creek tablet) is an inscribed stone collected as part of a Native American burial mound excavation in Loudon County, Tennessee, in 1889 by the Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology's Mound Survey, directed by entomologist Cyrus Thomas.The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but in 2004, similarities to an inscription . Reprinted in Ancient American Vol. Unlike the Davenport frauds and the Kennsington runestone, the Bat Creek stone generated little interest, and consequently there is no "paper trail" to follow. iii: This sign is impossible as Paleo-Hebrew in the period 100 B.C.-A.D. 100 based on the shape and stance; Gordon identifies this sign as "he." 1974 A History of American Archaeology. The Bat Creek Stone comes from a sealed context. The Translation (Bat Creek Stone) - YouTube Considering his initial enthusiasm (Thomas 1890, 1894), to say nothing of the potential significance of the artifact - if authentic - to American archaeology, the conspicuous absence of the stone from his later publications suggests to us that Thomas later may have come to recognize the Bat Creek stone as a fraud. Foundation, Structure, and Building Exterior Contractors Building Finishing Contractors Other Specialty Trade Contractors Building Material and Supplies Dealers Other Miscellaneous Retailers Other Financial Investment Activities Lessors of Real Estate Building Equipment Contractors Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Traveler Accommodation Rooming and Boarding Houses . Washington. outside the expertise and interests of the readership." Accessed 12/29/05. Moreover, since we have demonstrated that the Bat Creek inscription does not represent legitimate Paleo-Hebrew, the radiocarbon date becomes virtually irrelevant to arguments regarding the stone's authenticity. National Geographic 126(5) :708-734. Discover Scientific Research and Development Services Companies in Over the years (especially during the nineteenth century) numerous examples of such inscriptions have surfaced, virtually all of which are now recognized as fraudulent (cf. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Accessed and continued in use until the end of the eighteenth century (Craddock 1978; Hamilton 1967:342; Shaw and Craddock 1984). 1964 Vinland Ruins Prove Vikings Found the New World. You must have a Gab account and be logged in to comment. Curiously, while urging readers to "seek out the views of qualified scholars" about the signs on the Bat Creek stone, McCulloch (1988), an amateur epigrapher, offers interpretations of three signs (vi, vii, and viii) that contradict the published assessments of one of the stone's most outspoken proponents (Cyrus Gordon, a published Near Eastern language specialist), implying that despite his own lack of expertise in Paleo-Hebrew, McCulloch considers his own opinion to be as valid as those of specialists in the field. at the approximate site of the mound It was from the smaller Mound 3 that the inscribed stone was allegedly recovered. The completion of Tellico Dam at the mouth of the Little Tennessee in 1979 created a reservoir that spans the lower 33 miles (53km) of the river. The stones inscription was translated into English by several Hebrew language scholars. Despite the impeccable detail of this lithograph, If nothing else, the Masonic illustration newly discovered by There is a vague resemblance to the Cherokee "se", as noted by McCulloch (1988:87). According to him, the five letters to the left of the comma-shaped Litigation and environmental concerns stalled the dam's completion until 1979, allowing extensive excavations at multiple sites throughout the valley. [Wilson, Alan, Baram A. Blackett, and Jim Michael], "Did the "The Bat Creek Fraud: A Final Statement". Yet he does not mention the author of the publication he was criticizing, undoubtedly because he himself was the author. Bat Creek empties into the southwest bank of the Little Tennessee 12 miles (19km) upstream from the mouth of the river. photograph, instead appeared to be ancient Semitic. Kimberley (2000)). Independent scientific verification of an archaeologically excavated stone with ancient Hebrew inscribed into its surface has been completed in the Americas. Smithsonian Institution, Bureauof American Ethnology, Bulletin No. This belief was influential and "adopted by many Americans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries". and 1989 reprint edition; illustration not in 1867 edition). A calibrated date of A.D. 32 (427) 769 (1605 170 B.P.) and A.D. 100, but not for the second century C.E. America's Ancient Stone Relics , Academy Books, The words are: R, QL, YH, VD. trees and grapevines as long ago as the oldest settler Phoenicians in America Dubious History - GitHub Pages Nashville Tennessean, October 19, 1970, pp. Emmert, John W. This is especially exciting when considered in the context of the DNA evidence, Joseph Smiths statements, and all the other archaeological evidence for highly advanced civilizations in the heartland of America during the Book of Mormon epic.4, Your email address will not be published. Bat Creek Stone - Volopedia undoubtedly working from a newly-available The Bat Creek stone figured prominently in Gordon's (1971, 1974) major cult archaeology books, and subsequently received attention in a number of other fringe publications (e.g., Fell 1980; Mahan 1983; von Wuthenau . For example, Frederic W. Putnam was the victim of the Calaveras skull hoax (Dexter 1986) and several professional archaeologists have recently championed the fraudulent Holly Oak pendant (see Griffin et al 1988 for discussion). While it is true that Roman period brasses had a similar metallurgical content (cf. Silverberg, Robert LYHWD[M], or "for the Judeans.". Cultivating trust, producing knowledge: The management of archaeological labour and the making of a discipline. 2006): 16-27, 70. [5] Mainfort and Kwas have identified the source of the inscription. Carter, George [1] The two bracelets found in the Mound were initially identified by both Emmert and Thomas as "copper", but a 1970 Smithsonian analysis concluded the bracelets were in fact heavily leaded yellow brass. ). 1970a A Canaanite Columbus? MinnesotaHistorical Society, St. Paul. Investigators concluded that the mound was a "platform" mound typical of the Mississippian period. detail could have been copied from Macoy's illustration, Ezekiel 44:15 "The Translation" with Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, a Special Documentary, in which Dr. Arnold takes us to Louden Co, TN, the Bat Creek Stone location, providing the only ACCURATE translation of this Ancient Paleo-Hebrew writing over 2000 years old right here in the great USA! STONE INSCRIPTION FOUND IN TENNESSEE PROVES THAT - Ensign Message Importantly, no documentation regarding the production and use of comparable artifacts by first or second century A.D. Mediterranean peoples has been presented by McCulloch (1988), Mahan (1983), or other cult archaeology writers. A picnic table and a small sign Many previously declared hoaxes may be reanalyzed using more objective and less biased examination. Their findings were subsequently published and an online version is available on their website. History of the Human Sciences, Vol. [7] The Myth of the Mound-builders is a damaging belief that discredits Native American peoples by claiming they were not the creators of the phenomenal mounds, and another group of people, frequently referred to as a "Vanished Race", are responsible for their creation and persisting splendor. [2] According to the American Petrographic Services' evaluation of the stone, the marks are characterized by smooth, "rounded grooves". The short Thomas, Cyrus [15][1] McCulloch mostly agreed with Gordon's assessment of the stone as Ancient Hebrew, and expressed, "My own conviction is that the Bat Creek inscription is a rustic, and therefore imperfect, specimen of paleo-Hebrew". TOM DAR MARCIN SNOPEK Company Profile | yszkowice, dzkie, Poland PDF Institutional Database of Staff Publications Tennessee Division of vi: We agree with the assessment by Gordon (Mahan 1971:43) that this sign is "not in the Canaanite system." "the priests the Levites, the sons of ZADOK, that kept the charge of My sanctuary when the children of Israel went astray from Me" Ezekiel 44:15. from Jersualem's City of David under the supervision While few archaeologists would deny a priori the possibility of early voyages to the New World, the simple fact is that, with the exception Newsweek 76(17):65. but as such is not well made, since in Paleo-Hebrew it should prime minister of Israel from 1996-1999 and 2009-present. 1995, for permission to use to 400 AD.2. George Barrie and Sons, Philadelphia. The Brass Bracelets letters, esp. This small, inscribed rock was reportedly excavated from a mound in 1889 by John W. Emmert, a Smithsonian Institution field assistant, during the course of the Bureau of American Ethnology Mound Survey. My reply to the new Mainfort The proposed time period is of relevance because the forms of Paleo-Hebrew letters evolved over time. Antiquity 58(223):137-138. or any other alphabet, the Hebrew reading would have to It cannot be yod (cf. Although Gordon's Paleo-Hebrew reading of in the locality could recollect. The apparent age of the inscription suggested to Thomas that the Cherokee possessed a written language prior to the invention of the Cherokee syllabary invented by Sequoyah around 1820. 1892 Improved Cherokee Alphabets. 1972 The Bat Creek Inscription. [7] To clarify the debate, entomologist Cyrus Thomas was "given the job of Director of the Division of Mound Exploration within the federal bureau of the study of Ethnology". The Bat Creek stone is a small stone tablet engraved with several apparently alphabetic characters, found during excavations of a small mound in 1889 near Knoxville, Tenn. main line would then read RQ , LYHWD[M], i.e. 14, No. [17], Lithograph of the Bat Creek inscription, as first published by Thomas (1890) (the original illustration has been inverted to the orientation proposed by Gordon for "Paleo-Hebrew".). Bat Creek inscription but merely that this is a common component of Hebrew In Paleo-Hebrew, Judah (Judea) is spelled yhwdh, not yhwd. www.madoc1170.com/home.htm. John Emmert excavated Bat Creek Mound 3, doing so "alone and in isolation". In: Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1890-'91, pp. Two of the most hotly contested issues in American archaeology during the nineteenth century were the existence of an American Paleolithic of comparable age to sites in Europe and hypothetical pre-Columbian contacts with the Old World (Willey and Sabloff 1974). Perhaps the TVA could be prevailed this alternate form of Q is already present on Bat Creek, 1946 The Indians of the Southeastern United States. However this accord was broken in the 1970s when the Bat Creek Inscription was adopted by proponents of Pre-Columbian transatlantic contact theories. 1891 Ancient Cemeteries in Tennessee. To my knowledge, nothing proves that the Bat Creek stone is Jewish and not Celtiberian. 1987 Cult Archaeology and Creationism: Understanding PseudoscientificBeliefs about the Past. Peet, Stephen D. Try these: joseph smithfree moviesfaith crisishomeschool. It is inscribed in Paleo Hebrew. However, Wilson et al. The Bat Creek stone is a relatively flat, thin piece of ferruginous siltstone, approximately 11.4 cm long and 5.1 cm wide. 1988a Fantastic Archaeology: Fakes and Rogue Professors. have published a book American Antiquity 46(2):244-271. Concluding Remarks The Bat Creek stone figured prominently in Gordon's (1971, 1974) major cult archaeology books, and subsequently received attention in a number of other fringe publications (e.g., Fell 1980; Mahan 1983; von Wuthenau 1975), as well as the Tennessee Archaeologist (Mahan 1971). New York: Basic Books. An inscribed stone reportedly excavated by the Smithsonian Institution from a burial mound in eastern Tennessee has been heralded by cult archaeologists as incontrovertible evidence of pre-Columbian Old World contracts. The January/February 2006 Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. The artifacts, including bronze or brass bracelets that Dr. Wolter . I own no rights to this excerpt.Murray's Original Bat Creek Video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWT0x232euwShepherd's Chapel:http://www.shepherdschapel.com/Music:www.audionautix.comSound FX:www.freesfx.co.uk/Horse Image:www.copyright-free-photos.org.uk Archaeology and Creationism, edited by Francis B. Harrold and Baymond A. Eve, University of Iowa Press, pp. A pamphlet containing these articles is available 88 (Sept. 2010). found the new bulla cribbed it from Macoy's book, Ventnor Publishers, Ventnor, N.J., 1972. 12/28/05. 3 (part 1914 The American Indian in the United States, Period 1850-1914. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. [1] This interpretation was accepted at the time but was contested about a century later by Cyrus H. Gordon, a scholar of Near Eastern Cultures and ancient languages, who reexamined the tablet in the 1970s and proposed that the inscription represented Paleo-Hebrew of the 1st or 2nd century. Gordon, Cyrus H. Yet, even as the Davenport finds "proved too much" with respect to pre-Columbian Old World contacts, so too did the Bat Creek stone "prove too much" regarding Thomas's own pet hypothesis that the immediate ancestors of the Cherokee constructed most of the burial mounds in eastern North America. Setzler, Frank M. and Jessee D. Jennings The Bat Creek inscription is an inscribed stone tablet found by John W. Emmert on February 14, 1889. Scott Wolter/cc by-sa 3.0 When John W. Emmert and Cyrus Thomas excavated Bat Creek Mound in 1889, they stumbled across a stone with eight unfamiliar characters. Used by permission. 1922 Cherokee and Earlier Remains on Upper Tennessee. 40 miles south of Knoxville, in what is http://druidry.org/obod/lore/coelbren/coelbren.html. Nov./Dec. And where was this stone recovered? Hodge (ed. "The Cherokee Solution to the Bat Creek Enigma". The Bat Creek mounds (40LD24) were located near the confluence of Bat Creek and the Little Tennessee River in Loudon County, Tennessee. They were typically formed by bending sections of relatively heavy brass wire into a "C" shape. Although now, "the mounds of North America have been proven to be constructions by Native American peoples for a variety of purposes" at the start of the nineteenth century, there was genuine confusion about who built the mounds. 1910 Cyrus Thomas Obituary. According to Emmert's field notes, the Bat Creek Stone was found in Mound3. The stone has some crude carvings that some interpret as "paleo-Hebrew" but have previously been considered an early form of Cherokee or completely fake. Refugees Escape to Tennessee? Journal of Mormon History, Vol. http://bookofmormonevidence.org/history-of-the-bat-creek-stone/, the other eminent men of wilford woodruff. University of Pennsylvania Press. Although various stone structures are often presented as evidence of pre-Columbian contacts (e.g., Fell 1976), it is the considerable number of purported ancient Old World inscriptions from virtually all parts of the North America that are particularly heralded by proponents as "proof" of transatlantic voyages. The University of Tennessee excavators didn't investigate Mound 2 or Mound 3, both of which no longer existed. Except for the identification of the characters as Cherokee, Thomas (1894: 391-3) is based almost verbatim on Emmert's field report. he was in fact a brother of King Arthur II, and sailed in 562 A.D. The inscribed stone was found in an undisturbed Hopewell burial mound along the Little Tennessee River near the mouth of Bat Creek. standard Square Hebrew into the older alphabet, erroneously Both Mound 2 and 3 were located higher than Mound 1. In the 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology, the inscription was first officially mentioned along with other artifacts recovered from the Bat Creek Mound excavations. 1974 Riddles in History. [2] This excavation was part of a larger series of excavations that aimed to clarify the controversy regarding who is responsible for building the various mounds found in the Eastern United States. approximate site, possibly making a complete loop Persian era, according to Gordon) is one such "Yahwist" name. [7], When the Bat Creek Inscription was found, it entered into this important debate about who the mound builders were. [11] Mound 1 of the Bat Creek Site was excavated in 1975. Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, Anthropological Series 1(4):269-418. [8] The reasons are complicated for the popularity of this obfuscation of the facts of Native American societies, but it is clear that it reflects the sentiments of European settler colonialism. In his Archaeological History of Ohio, Gerald Fowke (1902:458-459) cited the Bat Creek stone in the context of criticizing Cyrus Thomas for claiming a relatively recent age for various mounds, and Stephen Peet (1891:146) briefly mentioned the object. The Smithsonian's role in the Davenport controversy produced considerable hosti 1 ity from many antiquarians (see McKussick 1970) at a time when "professional" archaeology was still in its infancy. 1982. An unknown party added two nearly parallel vertical strokes while the stone was stored in the National Museum of Natural History from 1894 and 1970. Testing by the Smithsonian (Thomas 1894) and the University of Tennessee (Schroedl 1975) suggests that this structure was a multi-stage Mississippi an platform mound (perhaps lacking associated structures on the mound surfaces). Thomas did not excavate the mounds himself, but delegated field work to assistants. with details of their analysis, which I have not yet had time to critique. 1890 The Cherokee in Pre-Columbian Times. The Swanton, John R. I own no rights to the film.Mary Hartski skit excerpt from \"Big Chuck and Hoolihan/Lil' John Show\" from WJW-TV out of Cleveland, Ohio. 7), as shown below, but inverted to Gordon's proposed Hebrew orientation. in which case it might be a numeral indicating Year 1 or down to the skeletons." W-like shin of the Biblical QDSh (Qedosh) is entirely that the first letter is a (reversed) resh. 30.Washington. In subsequent publications, Gordon (1971:186, 1972:10-12) referred to this sign as "problematic," and more recently (Gordon 1974) did not mention sign vi in his discussion of the Bat Creek stone. Initially, the inscription was thought to be in the Cherokee alphabet, invented by Sequoyah around 1821. around High Top, with a spur trail to the summit. See also comment by even if the copyist threw in a few random changes to Furthermore, in his field notes, John Emmert mentions the presence of "wet and muddy" soil at the base of the mound (the level at which the burials were found), which raises the possibility of contamination from groundwater. These inscriptions generally fail to stand up under close scrutiny by paleographers (i.e., they contain numerous errors, represent a jumble of several Old World scripts, or consist of random marks on stone that have the appearance of letters), while the circumstances surrounding their "discovery" are invariably dubious. The potential significance of the Bat Creek stone rests primarily on the decipherment of the 8 characters inscribed upon it. Jones, Mary, "Edward Williams/'Iolo Morgannwg'," a page of [16] It has subsequently been loaned to the Museum of the Cherokee Indian in Cherokee, N.C., where it has been on display since 2015. 1993, p. 46. Pastor Murray is the scholar who finally translated the inscription. 1974 Fort Michilimackinac 1715-1781: an Anthropological Perspective on the Revolutionary Frontier. 1975 Unexpected Faces in Ancient America, 1500 B.C. This CHANNEL IS NOT MONITIZED and never will be monetized. 1896 Stone Art. As a final point, by limiting the "deciphered" text to Gordon's lyhwd, ignoring the following broken sign, the reading would be anomalous. of the inscription. East Lansing. [9][7] These acts are a form of cultural genocide by European colonizers which enabled settlers "to make way for the movement of 'new' Americans into the Western 'frontier'". After examining the stones inscribed grooves and outer weathering rind using standard and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and researching the historical documentation, the team of Scott Wolter and Richard Stehly of American Petrographic Services conclude that the inscription is consistent with many hundreds of years of weathering in a wet earth mound comprised of soil and hard red clayand that the stonecan be no younger than when the bodies of the deceased were buried inside the mound. This was an undisputed Hopewell burial mound, and therefore the Hebrew inscribed artifact falls within the time frames of the Book of Mormon in the heartland of America. 1890 Historic and Prehistoric Relics. 1979 Indian Social Dynamics in the Period of European Contact. "The Bat Creek Stone: Judeans in Tennessee?". Because of the style of writing, Dr. Cyrus Thomas declared the inscription to be a form of Paleo-Hebrew thought to be in use during the first or second century A.D. Hebrew scholar Robert Stieglitz confirmed Gordons translation. because they seemed to provide conclusive proof not only of the contemporaneity of man and mammoth in the New World, but also of the existence of a highly civilized "lost race" of moundbuilders. of the 19th century setting, as well as shade for picnickers. there are no signs of the two vertical strokes that now are present in the upper left corner. First, in a short contribution to the Handbook of North American Indians entitled "Inscribed Tablets," Fowke (1907:691) stated that: "While it would be perhaps too much to say that there exists north of Mexico no tablet or other ancient article that contains other than a pictorial or pictographic record, it is safe to assert that no authentic specimen has yet been brought to public notice." First European Americans?," undated website at A Coelbren alphabet is provided online by At the base of the mound "nine skeletons were found lying on the original surface of the ground, surrounded by dark colored earth." ABSTRACT Academic Press, Inc., New York. Revised and enlarged edition. http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/arch/AmerAntiq.pdf. The Indian Tribes of North America. Webb, W.S. Serenwen (undated). All images. (e.g. His findings indicate the stone is authentic, meaning that it is ancient and the Hebrew inscription on its surface is also authentic.
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