[88], There was one vice-presidential debate between Congresswoman Ferraro and Vice President George H. W. Bush. Were edginginchingtowards parity for women in politics, with some plateaus along the way, Carroll says. I was kvelling.. And if he was a woman (of any color) he would not be in this position. She has a profile that many women voters have. He beamed. [1] In a three-candidate primary race for the Democratic nomination, Ferraro faced two better-known rivals, the party organization candidate, City Councilman Thomas J. Manton and Patrick Deignan. 2 Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro during the 1984 US election campaign Credit: Alamy Who was Geraldine Ferraro? Ferraro was born in 1935, in Newburgh, New York, the daughter of a first-generation Italian-American mother and an Italian immigrant father. Shes married; shes a mother; she waited until her kids were older to run for public office, and she comes from Queens, which is a very diverse district, and she has a moderate to liberal portfolio. [17] Grumblings that she was the beneficiary of nepotism were countered by her being rated as qualified by a screening committee and by her early job performance in the Investigations Bureau. "[17] For her six years in Congress, Ferraro had an average 78percent "Liberal Quotient" from Americans for Democratic Action[nb 3] and an average 8percent rating from the American Conservative Union. [51] Women mentioned for the role included Ferraro and Mayor of San Francisco Dianne Feinstein,[52] both of whom were on Mondale's five-person short list. Her husband John Zaccaro had pleaded guilty in January 1985, to fraudulently obtaining bank financing in a real estate transaction and had been sentenced to 150hours of community service. ), The Smithsonians National Museum of American History political historian Lisa Kathleen Graddy, who curated the museums exhibit on suffrage, says Ferraros candidacy mirrors the challenges women have faced professionally, in the 80s and today. We were sitting in the living room, and she went into the bedroom to take the call and came out just smiling, remembers Dave Koshgarian, Ferraros congressional legislative director and speechwriter. [36] The media also reported on the FEC's past investigation into Ferraro's 1978 campaign funds. . [179] Its goal was to advise corporations on how to develop more women leaders and make their workplaces more amenable to female employees. [42] In particular, she assisted the successful effort of the Ridgewood and Glendale neighborhoods to get their ZIP codes changed from Brooklyn to their native Queens. [82], Ferraro drew large crowds on the campaign trail, many of whom wished to see the history-making candidate in person, who often chanted, "Ger-ry! By those standards, the notion of a female vice president was audacious. [170], After living for many years in Forest Hills Gardens, Queens, she and her husband moved to Manhattan in 2002. [90] Her experience was questioned at the debate and she was asked how her three terms in Congress stacked up with Bush's extensive government experience. He represented her memoirthe 1985 equivalent of Hillary Clintons What Happenedwhich sold for $1 million and became an early example of a politician-as-celebrity bestseller. Cookie Settings, Wally McNamee / CORBIS / Corbis via Getty Images, National Air and Space Museum, gift of Tam O'Shaughnessy (2); National Museum of American History, And for Vice PresidentWhy Not a Woman? , The prospect of a Democrat putting a woman on the ticket was often placed in the context of electability: Would it help them unseat the incumbent President? And that shone through when the country was introduced to her, says Barnett. [17] She also occasionally worked for other clients and did some pro bono work for women in family court. [120], She also did some commentating for television. Ferraro did not hold elected office again. Safire wrote in August 1984 that it would be equally incorrect to call her "Miss Ferraro" (as she was married) or "Mrs. Ferraro" (as her husband was not "Mr. Ferraro", although this is the formulation the Times used), and that calling her "Mrs. Zaccaro" would confuse the reader. Ferraro suffered complications from . But his liberal view of the country won out. The High Point of the Democratic National Convention The Associated Press. [21][23], While raising the children, Ferraro worked part-time as a civil lawyer in her husband's real estate firm for 13years. [164] By 1993, she was serving on the Fordham Law School Board of Visitors, as well as on the boards of the National Breast Cancer Research Fund, the New York Easter Seal Society, and the Pension Rights Center, and was one of hundreds of public figures on the Planned Parenthood Federation of America's Board of Advocates. Sanko Tekstil ses fabric which includes sateen . [97] The ticket even lost Ferraro's congressional district, which had long been one of the more conservative districts in New York City; it tended to vote Republican in presidential races. She also continued her career as a journalist, author, and businesswoman, and served in the 2008 presidential campaign of Senator Hillary Clinton. In May, Tip ONeill endorsed Ferraro as a potential vice president in the Boston Globe. She's pretty. By a three-to-one margin, voters thought that pressure from women's groups had led to Mondale's decision rather than his having chosen the best available candidate. Im not into losing or being offered up as a sacrifice, Ferraro wrote in her memoir. Ticket', "Kamala Harris will be the country's first female and first Black vice president", "The Farewell: For Ferraro, Early Promise, Lopsided Loss", "Ferraro Releases Tax Returns for 2 Missing Years to Offset Attacks by Rivals", "Judge Sentences Zaccaro to Work in Public Service", "Jury Acquits Zaccaro of Seeking To Extort Cable Television Bribe", "Acquittal of Zaccaro Puts His Prosecutors on Spot", "Ferraro's Son Sentenced to 4 Months in Jail for Selling Cocaine", "A History Maker Recalls the Door That She Opened", "For Ferraro, Troubles, but a Close Family", "In Senate Campaign, Ferraro Picks Up Where She Left Off", "For Ferraro, Cheers of '84 Are Still Resonating", "Holtzman Draws Criticism From Feminists Over Ads", "Ferraro's Husband Is Said To Have Met Mob Figure", "Abrams, In Tight Senate Vote, Appears to Edge Out Ferraro", "For Feminists, It Wasn't What They Had in Mind", "Bank Named to Bond Sale After Loan to Holtzman Campaign", "Hevesi Throws Hat in Ring For Comptroller's Office", "The 1993 Primary: The Overview Hevesi Outpolls Holtzman, Forcing a Runoff Vote", "A First for the U.N.: Condemning Anti-Semitism", "China Fails to Block U.N. Vote on Rights", "In Training for a Run on the Political Stage", "Ferraro out of 'Crossfire,' into political frying pan", "Joint Tax Returns Show Ferraro Made $150,000 in CNN Job", "Friends Say Ferraro Will Seek D'Amato's Seat", National Democratic Institute of International Affairs, "Washington Talk: Briefing; Ferraro Back in Capital", "Project Vote Smart's Founding & Executive Board Members", "Geraldine Ferraro Joins Board of National Women's Health Resource Center", "About the Committee to Free Lori Berenson", "Legislative Updates: Hematological Cancer Research Investment and Education Act of 2001", Office of Legislative Policy and Analysis, "International staging system for multiple myeloma", "The Ferraro-Corman connection: Brought together by a killer disease", "Geraldine Ferraro and Laura Ingraham Write 'Campaign Countdown' For the New York Times Syndicate", "Georgetown University: Georgetown Public Policy Institute", "Lynn Martin Joins Geraldine Ferraro in Advising Businesses on Workplace and Marketplace Issues", "The Media Business: Advertising Addenda: People", "Neighborhood History and Neighborhood Feel", "Officers and Directors For Goodrich Petroleum Corp", "Female ex-candidate to 'protect' Hillary Clinton", "Clinton supporter quits over Obama remarks", "Ferraro: 'They're attacking me because I'm white', "Ferraro steps down from Clinton campaign", "Playing the Racist Card: Ferraro's comments about Senator Obama were racist. She was the first female vice presidential candidate from a major U.S. political party . When her daughter responded by noting that Obama was inspirational, Ferraro snapped, "What does he inspire you to do, leave your husband and three kids and your practice and go work for Doctors Without Borders?" Ferraros path to politics involved night classes at Fordham Law in Manhattan while working a day job as an elementary school teacher in Queens, a stretch of time devoted solely to raising her children, and a return to the workforce at age 38 as a prosecutor for the Queens Special Victims Bureau. The Associated Press article on the selection began: The usually cautious Walter Mondale has laid down the biggest wager of his political life, gambling that the nomination of Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate will energize and attract more voters than it loses. Because I couldn't look like I was whining or upset about it. Within the campaign, tensions arose; after she wasnt given the chance to weigh in on their campaign schedule in an early strategy meeting, Ferraro suggested Mondales staffers imagine her as a grey-haired Southern gentleman and treat her accordingly. It is a high-risk strategy designed to upset Ronald Reagan. In 1978 she was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where she rose rapidly in the party hierarchy while focusing on legislation to bring equity for women in the areas of wages, pensions, and retirement plans. [48], Ferraro took a congressional trip to Nicaragua at the start of 1984, where she spoke to the Contras. In 1984, former vice president and presidential candidate Walter Mondale, seen as an underdog, selected Ferraro to be his running mate in the upcoming election. [75], A week after her previous statement, Ferraro said Zaccaro had changed his mind and would indeed release his tax records,[72] which was done on August 20. I think the candidacy opened a door for women in national politics, and I don't regret that for one minute. [31] Much of their wealth was tied up in real estate rather than being disposable income,[21] but the disclosures hurt Ferraro's image as a rags-to-riches story. Under mounting pressure, Zaccaro agreed to make his tax returns public. It had nothing to do with my qualification. [38] By 1983, she was regarded as one of the up-and-coming stars of the party. Ferraro earned her bachelor's degree at Marymount Manhattan College in 1956. Their campaign made history, with Ms Ferraro the first female running mate on a major party ticket for the presidency. [180] In June 2003, Ferraro was made executive vice president and managing director of the public affairs practice of the Global Consulting Group,[180] an international investor relations and corporate communications component of Huntsworth. During the veepstakes, I took advantage of the fact that people were talking about me, but I never, for one minute, really believed that it was going to happen, she remarks in the documentary Geraldine Ferraro: Paving the Way. In Mississippi, she was asked whether she could bake a blueberry muffin; in one "Meet the Press" interview, moderated Marvin Kalb questioned both Could you push the nuclear button? and whether Mondale would have chosen her if not for her gender. Thats almost exactly what happened. Charismatic. [44], In the fall of 2013, P.S. [9] Beginning in 1947, she attended and lived at the parochial Marymount Academy in Tarrytown, New York, using income from a family rental property in Italy and skipping seventh grade. Ferraro died at. "[187][190] (Ferraro had made a similar comment in 1988 disparaging Jesse Jackson's candidacy in the party's presidential primaries, saying that because of his "radical" views, "if Jesse Jackson were not black, he wouldn't be in the race. There was no good evidence one way or the other about what difference it would make to put women on the ticket, says Carroll. It wouldnt be until June that Mondale, the former Minnesota senator who had served President Carter as vice president, would lock up the race he was an early favorite for, outlasting Colorado senator Gary Hart and civil rights leader Jesse Jackson after a grueling primary. [150][182][183] She republished Ferraro: My Story in 2004, with a postscript summarizing her life in the twenty years since the campaign. . and then move on, but decades later, she labelled the medias treatment of her and her family as sexist. [153], Ferraro became a principal in the government relations practice of the Blank Rome law firm in February 2007, working both in New York and Washington[181][182] about two days a week in their lobbying and communications activities. Ferraro uttered the words, I proudly accept your nomination for Vice President of the United States, and then had to pause for more than a minute for applause and cheers of Ger-ry. Foundational feminist Betty Friedan, who had been hesitant to push for a female nominee, fearing the accomplishment would be solely a symbolic gesture, wrote to Ferraro: It was a peak experience for me that day in San Francisco. ", "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November7, 1978", "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November4, 1980", "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November2, 1982", "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November6, 1984", "Federal Elections 98: 1998 U.S. Senate Results". was at its nadir in early 1983, the electoral calculus went something like this: A woman might help clinch a Democratic victory in a close race. [17] Although her unit was supposed to turn over cases which were bound for trial to another division, she took an active role in trying some cases herself, and juries were persuaded by her summations. IV. [63] Ted Koppel questioned her closely about nuclear strategy[64] and during Meet the Press she was asked, "Do you think that in any way the Soviets might be tempted to try to take advantage of you simply because you are a woman? [66] While her choice was popular among Democratic activists, polls immediately after the announcement showed that only 22percent of women were excited about Ferraro's selection, versus 18percent who agreed that it was a "bad idea". [158] Schumer would go on to decisively unseat D'Amato in the general election. According to Kornblut, younger voters saw "Clinton [as] both a relic of that era and a victim of its success. She was 75.. "[58] Convention attendees were in tears during the speech, not just for its significance for women but for all those who had immigrated to America. If you purchase an item through these links, we receive a commission. [144] Then in October 1993, Clinton promoted her to be United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, saying that Ferraro had been "a highly effective voice for the human rights of women around the world. Forceful, but not overbearing. [31][80][81] In a 1982 briefing for Congress, Ferraro had written that "the Catholic position on abortion is not monolithic and there can be a range of personal and political responses to the issue. [168], Ferraro had felt unusually tired at the end of her second senate campaign. [61] At first, journalists focused on her novelty as a woman and her poor family background, and their coverage was overwhelmingly favorable. Women currently constitute under one-fourth of Congress. [69] The New York Tribune, followed by The Philadelphia Inquirer and a few other mainstream newspapers, went even further in their investigations, reporting that Zaccaro was the landlord of a company owned by pornography tycoon and Gambino crime family member Robert DiBernardo. McLean remembers the pitch the trio made to their mentor, the activist Millie Jeffrey, over a Sunday brunch: You look at her and you can imagine her as your best friend, as your sister, as your member of Congress, as somebody you want to listen to. A presidential year that began with the traveling `cattle show' of Democratic presidential. As the husband and business partner of Representative Geraldine A. Ferraro, the Democratic Vice-Presidential candidate, the 51-year-old Mr. Zaccaro and his business activities have been the. The best-prepared of a well-prepared lot. [122] She founded the Americans Concerned for Tomorrow political action committee, which focused on getting ten women candidates elected in the 1986 Congressional elections (eight of whom would be successful). [3], In 2007, Ferraro received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Sons of Italy Foundation. [7] Ferraro's mother soon invested and lost the remainder of the family's money, forcing the family to move to a low-income area in the South Bronx while Ferraro's mother worked in the garment industry to support them. There she worked with corporations, non-profit organizations, state governments and political figures. The idea of a woman vice president almost got torpedoed after NOWs public threat of a convention-floor rebellion caused Mondale advisors to worry about the selection being seen as a sop to special interest groupsa coded way of saying feminists, organized labor and racial minoritiesfor which hed incurred primary criticism from rival Gary Hart. Mcahitler Mah. [181] She continued there as a senior advisor working about two days a month. She'll get married. A hot mic at a subsequent event caught Bush saying he tried to kick a little ass last night, a locker room comment that did him a lot of good with Johnny Lunchbucket and Johnny Sixpack, in the words of Republican consultant Rich Bond. She's a girl. The first . [98] Ferraro's presence on the ticket had little measurable effect overall. But this win wasn't easy. [31] As she later wrote, "I had created a monster. [19] They lived in Forest Hills Gardens, Queens, and in 1971, added a vacation house in Saltaire on Fire Island. "[87] Mondale and Ferraro rarely touched during their appearances together, to the point that he would not even place his palm on her back when they stood side by side; Ferraro later said this was because anything more and "people were afraid that it would look like, 'Oh, my God, they're dating.'". Geraldine Ferraro was an American politician who is best known for being the first woman vice presidential candidate in American history. Unlike the slate of women in 2020, We didnt have a whole lot of people in the arsenal.), they landed on 48-year-old Geraldine Ferraro, an up-and-coming-star who represented New Yorks Ninth District. May her example of hard work and dedication to America continue to inspire all women. [72] Furthermore, her remark about Italian men brought criticism for ethnic stereotyping,[73] especially from fellow Italian Americans. In the Democratic attempt to unseat President Ronald Reagan, former Vice President Walter Mondale, lagging by some 12 to 19 points, selected Ferraro as his running mate. Exit polling revealed that Ferraros presence on the ticket, like that of almost all vice presidential candidates, made little difference in voters choice. [91] Peter Teeley, Vice President Bush's press secretary, said of Ferraro just prior to the debate, "She's too bitchy. [129] In addition, a report by an investigator for the New York State Organized Crime Task Force found its way to the media via a tip from a Holtzman aide; it said that Zaccaro had been seen meeting with the DiBernardo in 1985. Each of the fortune cookies had been threaded with customized slips that hinted at the real reason the women were there: to get the first woman nominated as vice president by a major party. I am a devout Catholic, she answered, I would never have an abortion, but I [am] not quite sure if I were ever to become pregnant as a result of a rape if I would be that self-righteousI will accept the teaching of the church, but I cannot impose my religious views on someone else.. There's lots of innuendo but no proof. [107], The campaign did lead to the greater adoption of the honorific "Ms."[108] Although The New York Times refused to use it at the time for her, the paper's iconoclastic columnist and language expert William Safire became convinced it ought to be part of the English language by the case of Ferraro, who was a married woman who used her birth surname professionally rather than her husband's (Zaccaro). [161] Ferraro was connected with many other political and non-profit organizations. [112], Holtzman, who was trailing in polls, borrowed over $400,000 from Fleet Bank to run a negative ad accusing Ferraro and Zaccaro of taking more than $300,000 in rent in the 1980s from the DiBernardo-run pornography company whose presence in Zaccaro's building had been raised during her 1984 vice-presidential campaign. [96], On November 6, Mondale and Ferraro lost the general election in a landslide. [nb 2] The positive polling the Mondale-Ferraro ticket received when she joined soon faded, as damaging questions arose about her and her businessman husband's finances and wealth and her Congressional disclosure statements. She is, in essence, something of a fairy-tale candidate., III. Here goes, he reportedly said, and dialed up Ferraros San Francisco hotel suite, where she was busy preparing for the convention to begin. Ferraro, flabbergasted and flattered, agreed to toss her hat into the ring, but the possibility of her actually becoming a vice-presidential candidate seemed remote, she wrote in her memoir, Ferraro: My Story. [170], Though initially given only three to five years to live, by virtue of several new drug therapies and a bone marrow transplant in 2005,[170] she would beat the disease's Stage1 survival mean of 62months by over a factor of two. It depicts the life story of her mother and immigrant grandmother; it also portrays the rest of her family, and is a memoir of her early life, but includes relatively little about her political career. Geraldine Ferraro, in full Geraldine Anne Ferraro, married name Geraldine Zaccaro, (born August 26, 1935, Newburgh, New York, U.S.died March 26, 2011, Boston, Massachusetts), American Democratic politician who was the first woman to be nominated for vice president by a major political party in the United States; as such, she served as Walter The battle of the surrogate presidential campaigners took another unexpected twist today when Geraldine Ferraro stepped down from a fundraising post in Hillary Rodham Clinton's campaign after. [36] In 1979, the campaign and Zaccaro paid $750 in fines for civil violations of election law. One can't even award that level of "true" myopia to Geraldine Ferraro. Editor's Note, August 11, 2020: This article has been updated to reflect the selection of Kamala Harris as Joe Biden's running mate. In the general election, Mondale and Ferraro were defeated in a landslide by incumbent President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush. [31], Ferraro ran for election to the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 9th Congressional District in Queens in 1978, after longtime Democratic incumbent James Delaney announced his retirement. [62] Nevertheless, Ferraro faced many press questions about her foreign policy inexperience, and responded by discussing her attention to foreign and national security issues in Congress. [154] She had done no fundraising, out of fear of conflict of interest with her Crossfire job, but was nonetheless immediately perceived as the front-runner. [nb 4] The AFLCIO's Committee on Political Education gave her an average approval rating of 91percent. [115] A full year later, he was acquitted at trial. "[73] Republicans saw her finances as a "genderless" issue that they could attack Ferraro with without creating a backlash,[70] and some Mondale staffers thought Ferraro might have to leave the ticket. [17], Ferraro became engaged to Zaccaro in August 1959[10] and married him on July 16, 1960. [17][29] She was named head of the unit in 1977, with two other assistant district attorneys assigned to her. In the Bush-Ferraro meeting, the super-credentialed Brahmin Yalie behaved like a frightened oaf, while the Italian-American ex-housewife displayed calm, breeding, and self-possession, came political analyst Morton Kondrackes assessment in the New Republic. The others are Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, the 2008 Republican vice-presidential nominee;[106] Hillary Clinton, the 2016 Democratic presidential nominee; and United States Senator for California Kamala Harris, the 2020 Democratic vice-presidential nominee and the first to be on a winning ticket. [29] In 1984, she championed a pension equity law revision that would improve the benefits of people who left work for long periods and then returned, a typical case for women with families. [213] Figures from local, state, and national politics were present, and Mondale and both Clintons were among the speakers. "[145] The Clinton administration named Ferraro vice-chair of the U.S. delegation to the landmark September 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing; in this role she picked a strong team of experts in human rights issues to serve with her. Now they had to sell the would-be candidate herself on the idea. : information and details about the item, including transport, addresses, and nearby businesses Yandex Maps On the campaign trail, however, Ferraro added much-needed charisma, a type of wry familiarity that drew 12,000 people to her first rally. [50], While in the House, Ferraro's political self-description evolved to "moderate". "All-male control of national political leadership is no longer written in stone, or engraved on voting machines" Bella Abzug and Mim Kelber, in a New York Times op-ed. The gender gap is the new wild card in political sweepstakes.. [112], Despite the one-sided national loss in 1984, Ferraro was still viewed as someone with a bright political future. Many expected her to run in the 1986 United States Senate election in New York against first-term Republican incumbent Al D'Amato,[111] and during 1985 she did Upstate New York groundwork towards that end. Both the political right and left tried to determine how this new trend would play in the elaborate chess game of electoral politics. [36] Although Ferraro and Zaccaro's finances were often interwoven on paper,[23] with each half partners in Zaccaro's company,[37] Ferraro had little knowledge of his business, or even how much he was worth. Your Privacy Rights Bushs camp wasnt as full of acclaim. [17] Ferraro was upset to discover that her superior was paying her less than equivalent male colleagues because she was a married woman and already had a husband. She joined the Queens County District Attorney's Office in 1974, heading the new Special Victims Bureau that dealt with sex crimes, child abuse, and domestic violence. Stay at this 5-star luxury hotel in Gaziantep. Echoing a statement she wrote about herself in 1988,[31] Ferraro said that "I was talking about historic candidacies and what I started off by saying (was that) if you go back to 1984 and look at my historic candidacy, which I had just talked about all these things, in 1984, if my name was Gerard Ferraro instead of Geraldine Ferraro, I would have never been chosen as a vice-presidential candidate. Zaccaro did plead guilty in January 1985 to a misdemeanor charge for submitting fraudulent information as part of a mortgage application. When Reagans popularity was at its nadir in early 1983, the electoral calculus went something like this: A woman might help clinch a Democratic victory in a close race. Anita Perez Ferguson, president of the National Women's Political Caucus, noted that female New York political figures in the past had been reluctant to enter the state's notoriously fierce primary races, and said: "This woman has probably been more of an opinion maker than most people sitting for six terms straight in the House of Representatives or Senate. Enjoy free WiFi, free parking, and breakfast. GERALDINE Ferraro ran for Vice President in Walter Mondale's bid for the White House in the 1984 US election. [167], Framing a Life: A Family Memoir was published by Ferraro in November 1998. [17] The following year, Ferraro was assigned to the new Special Victims Bureau, which prosecuted cases involving rape, child abuse, spouse abuse, and domestic violence. Team A recruited Eleanor Lewis, Ferraros top aide, to join them as well. Geraldine Ferraro, the first female vice presidential candidate for a major party and former Democratic congresswoman, died Saturday at the age of 75, according to a statement from her family. [218], Ferraro received honorary degrees during the 1980s and early 1990s, from Marymount Manhattan College (1982), New York University Law School (1984), Hunter College (1985), Plattsburgh College (1985), College of Boca Raton (1989), Virginia State University (1989), Muhlenberg College (1990), Briarcliffe College for Business (1990), and Potsdam College (1991). Let me just say, first of all, that I almost resent, Vice President Bush, your patronizing attitude that you have to teach me about foreign policy, she said, an unrehearsed rejoinder. "[202] McCain and Palin ended up losing, but regardless of the 1984 or 2008 election result, Ferraro said that "Every time a woman runs, women win. After her father, a restaurateur, passed away when she was eight, Ferraro's mother worked as a seamstress to support the family. In private, over Chinese takeout or in a House of Representatives meeting room, the women of Team Aas theyd come to call themselvesstrategized how to place a qualified woman on the ticket. During the campaign, the congresswoman had been careful not to position herself as a womens-issues candidate, but her pro-choice stance had incurred rare political criticism from an archbishop, and protestors routinely aired their outrage at her appearances and on the steps of the Catholic church her family attended.
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