Animals and personnel must be protected from noxious agents. 15.22), the dhole (Cuon alpinus) (Fig. If you suspect the dam has delivered, wait to check the nest until she comes out on her own. Previous behavioral studies with bush dogs have reported that during the period of female receptivity, Copulatory Locks (mean duration =15 min, range = 476 min) occurred 13 times per day over a period of 112 days (Drwa 1983; Kitchener 1971; Kleiman 1968; Porton et al. (1987) that appeared to have sequential estrous cycles without intervening anestrous phases and with luteal phases shorter than gestation and so not considered pseudopregnancies. The duration of female receptivity was defined as only that time when Copulatory Locks occurred. The mature bush dog also has been reported to have the ability to reproduce a 2nd time within a year if a litter is lost or removed from the mother (Kleiman 1968; Porton et al. Increase the dam's diet by 50% on the day infants are discovered (or suspected). A Copulatory Lock was defined by the inability of the male and female to separate despite attempts to move away (Drwa 1982,1983; Kleiman 1972). Canids are generally considered monestrous, with each estrous cycle separated from the next by a period of relative ovarian quiescence, referred to as anestrus (Asa 1998; Asa and Valdespino 1998). 2003; Velloso et al. The offspring will cling quietly and unmoving for up to three hours, being checked on occasionally by the mother. If youd like to add an intro, add your text here. Some prefer to sleep in tree hollows whileothers may use old bird's nests, unoccupied beehives, and can use more than a dozen different sleeping sites within its home range during a year (Bearder & Doyle 1974a). 15.23), and the bush dog (Speothos venaticus) hunt in Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching, 3rd edition, 2010. Regions:sub-Saharan Africa XI. When she does, quietly peek into the box to confirm if infants are present. NEZS Chester Zoo, Kate Edge and Francesca Ankers.Published 2018, AZA Tapir Taxon Advisory GroupPublished 2013, Manual Para Cuidado De Tapires(Spanish language version of ACM), EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Pygmy Hippopotamus, F. von Houwald, C. Wenker, G. Flacke, B. Steck, R. Osterballe, R. Viduna, and A. Matthews.Published 2020, Compiled by Paul Vercammen & Kim HabetsBreeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife Sharjah, UAE Published 2006, Lara Metrione and Adam EyresPublished 2014, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Greater One-horned Rhinoceros, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for the White Rhinoceros, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Black Rhinoceros, Dr. Mark Pilgrim and Rebecca BiddlePublished 2020, Antelope, Cattle, Giraffid, and Camelid TAG, Giraffe Training Workshop - June 4-7, 2023, Giraffe Private Owner Workshop - Oct 1-4, 2023. 1993). The date that data collection ended for each pair is reported. The 2nd estrous cycle without a confirmed Copulatory Lock (F1) had 4 possible Copulatory Locks and one of the highest number of Mounts (n = 329). Nest boxes and various enrichment items (e.g., logs, bark chips, and dog toys) were never moved between the 4 enclosures. on June 1, 2022. gladius profiles shadowlands; camra decathlon chasse; endstream endobj 45 0 obj <> endobj 46 0 obj <> endobj 47 0 obj <>stream Height:5.1 to 7.8 in (male & female) For males, there was a strong positive effect of female presence on fecal androgens (P = 0.0011). The following are general guidelines for the proper care and humane treatment of animals in nonagricultural facilities, such as humane societies, municipal animal control agencies, pet stores, boarding kennels, dog training establishments, grooming facilities, dealers, and veterinary hospitals and clinics. International Studbook summary.To evaluate reproductive seasonality in captivity, the International Studbook for the Bush Dog (Dmoch 1995) was summarized based on latitudinal location of the zoo and month that pups were born. Training Guide, National Animal Control Association, PO Box 480851, Kansas City, Missouri 64148. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 7.8%, and the interassay coefficients of variation for 3 separate internal controls were 7.6%, 6.1%, and 7.4%. Our practice is to feed twice a day, or even three, when possible. In all 4 females, the duration of the ongoing interestrous interval at the time of mate introduction was shorter than those without a male or than when a male was present before the 1st progestin increase. Reproduction, growth and parental care in crab-eating foxes, Management and breeding of maned wolves at the National Zoological Park, Washington, Histora natural ediar: mamiferos Sud-americanos, Reproduction in captive and wild dingoes (, Endocrinology of canine estrous cycles, pregnancy and parturition, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society of Theriogenology, Veterinary Clinics of North American: Small Animal Practice, An examination of the reproductive physiology of the bush dog (, Preliminary tests of a new reversible male contraceptive in bush dogs (, Ecology and social organization of the maned wolf (, Beobachtungen zur Geburt und natrlichen Aufzucht von Waldhunden (, Ferro de grulleiro, der Sdamerikanische Waldhundein Rtsel fr die Hundeforschung, The northern Neotropics: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, The central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Mantel tests: spatial structure in field experiments, Design and analysis of ecological experiments, Social organization of African wild dogs (, Asdell's pattems of mammalian reproduction: a compendium of species-specific data, On the breeding and rearing of bush dogs at Frankfurt Zoo, Observations on the breeding of the bush dog (, Ecology and evolution in the South American canids, Time-lapse infared videography for animal behavior observations, A longitudinal study of delayed reproductive success in a pair of white-cheeked gibbons (, Steroid metabolism and validation of noninvasive endocrine monitoring in the African wild dog (, Canadian Journal of Zoology/Review Canadian Zoology, Bush dog urine-marking: its role in pair formation and maintenance, Aseasonality of bush dog reproduction and the influence of social factors on the estrous cycle, Vol. With the exception of male (M) 2, none of the animals had been housed with an unrelated individual or had reproduced before the start of the study. The most common housing arrangement at the DLC has been related female groups. However, these documents are not current and may not reflect recent advancements in husbandry knowledge or current best practices. A possible Copulatory Lock was scored when it appeared that the pair was in a Copulatory Lock but the camera view was unclear or the pair did not visibly attempt to separate. 2004). Study design.The study was divided into 2 phases. Possible explanations for this difference include our use of continuous, 24-h videotaping before and after the time of female receptivity compared to only during the time immediately surrounding female receptivity in the other studies or potential effects of size or design of the enclosure. Identification should be physically attached to the animal for the duration of its stay unless this poses a safety hazard for the animal or staff. 1998; Strahl et al. Husbandry Manuals provide a wealth of best-practice information based on the collective experience of AZA facilities. WebDOG HUSBANDRY SOP 520.01 Dog Husbandry Page 1 of 3 1. SocialWhere group housing is appropriate, consideration should be given to behavioral and social interactions. WebAbstract. Biological wastes must be stored appropriately prior to disposal. Activity starts right around sunset and ends around dawn with the most active periods are right after dark and directly preceding dawn (Molez 1976; Doyle & Bearder 1977). The bush dog's ability to raise young successfully throughout the year could be linked to its high sociality and cooperative hunting. 2. Individual animals should be identified in a consistent and recordable manner (e.g., tags, cage cards, microchips, tattoos). Fecal samples and extracts were stored at -75C until assay. Standardized practices allow easier detection of potential health and husbandry problems. Preventing entry is the most effective method, and may be accomplished by screening openings, sealing cracks, and eliminating breeding and refuge sites. Staff should be familiar with the dynamics within home pen groups, in order to be able to change the groups if Vasectomy was followed by monthly semen collection by electro-ejaculation to deplete the vas deferens of sperm before the male-female introductions in late March 2002 (see DeMatteo et al., in press). A linear regression using the least squares method was run on the vulva index data from 1 March 2001 through the end of data collection for each female to evaluate the significance in the shift in baseline measurements (Microsoft Corporation 2003). However, in more open areas it seems that a Bush dog will hunt alone for small rodents. Hunting in packs, they are able to kill prey much bigger than themselves, including capybara. This species produces a wide range of contact calls, perhaps because communication by visual means is not easy in the forest. Videotapes were reviewed for the occurrence and duration of 2 defined behaviors. Split the diet in 2 portions with the first portion fed at 12 PM just before lights out and the second fed as late in the day as possible. bnt 3 live. CleaningAll equipment and areas must be cleaned with appropriate detergents and disinfectants as often as needed to keep them sanitary and free of debris and harmful contaminants. Appropriate noise protection for personnel should be provided where noise levels are high. All research protocols were performed in a humane manner (Animal Care and Use Committee 1998) and approved by the Saint Louis Zoo Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. A single set of guidelines cannot completely describe appropriate care for all species in all situations; therefore you should always consult a veterinarian for advice and specific recommendations. Special housing accommodations are sometimes necessary for unusual species such as those with unique metabolic or genetic characteristics, or special behavioral and/or reproductive needs. Females often give birth to a single offspring at their first pregnancy, then produce twins in subsequent litters. Although a possible effect of male stimulation has been suspected in 2 other nondomestic canids (maned wolf [Chrysocyon brachyurusVelloso et al. Saint Louis Zoo, 1 Government Drive, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA (KED, UP, CSA), Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA (KED). They may make their own, open-topped nest, or take over an uninhabited bird nest, mat of foliage, or tree hollow. For the 17 completed estrous cycles, the duration of sustained fecal progestin elevation varied significantly (t = 2.33, d.f. Environmental enrichment provided should be appropriate to the species. The Bushbabies can vary in their preferences of sleeping site types. Present address of KED: University of MissouriSt. Week 1 of birth: weigh at days 3 and 6 of birth (or as directed). File Name: bush stone-curlew husbandry manual.pdf Size: 3996 KB Type: PDF, ePub, eBook Category: Book Uploaded: 22 May Hormone assays.The noninvasive monitoring of hormones using feces was effective at determining fluctuations in fecal estrogens and fecal progestins in the study females (Fig. 1998). Dijferences dependent on male or female presence.The overall statistical design of the study was a 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with presence of the male or female as the main treatment (Underwood 1997). This study found a significant positive increase in baseline vulva size when males were present, even beyond the follicular phase when fecal estrogen levels returned to near baseline. Separation between food and water, urination and defecation, and resting areas should be maximized. There were no significant betweensex correlations found for the male and female variables. The floors are given a hot water rinse weekly and sanitized and scrubbed every 6 weeks. As described for all other canids, female bush dogs have an obligate pseudopregnancy after an infertile mating or ovulation without mating. The Galago Moholi are currently housed with related females, breeding pairs or dam and offspring. %%EOF Worms and or crickets can presented in slow feeders, hanging feeders, paper cups, bags or bowls. FeedingAnimals shall be fed palatable and nutritionally adequate food daily or according to their particular needs. 1987). To increase the power of the test and prevent detecting false correlations, the Mantel tests were corrected with the sequential Bonferroni technique (Rice 1989; as modified in Legendre and Legendre 1998). 1979; Hayssen et al. Asa 1996, 1998; Asa and Valdespino 1998; Concannon 1986; Hayssen et al. PURPOSE This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes routine husbandry procedures for dogs. However, the duration of male interest as measured by Mounts where the pair can clearly separate was longer in this study, with male interest ending 13 days after the last Copulatory Lock, compared with previous behavioral studies that determined the duration of male interest to be between 8 and 23 days (Drwa 1983; Kitchener 1971; Kleiman 1968). The dam should be weighed prior to the start of baby watch. We thank R. Dmoch (Intemational Studbook Keeper and European Endangered Species Programme Coordinator for bush dogs), S. Silber and K. Lenahan from the Infertility Center of St. Louis, T. Bettinger, G. Camilo, W. Jchle, the World Conservation Union Canid Specialist Group, and the respondents to the Speothos venaticus Distribution and Status Questionnaire for their critical assistance and advice on many aspects of the project. In addition, the 2-year study design allowed the effect of female presence on male fecal testosterone levels to be examined. Females construct nests in which to give birth to and raise their offspring. Webbush dog husbandry guidelines. To pick-up a dog place arms around legs and stand up remembering to lift with your legs and not your back. The results of the Speothos venaticus Survey also suggested that bush dogs were aseasonal. Life stages are defined by both age and breed characteristics for practical purposes. 1992). A. Creel S. R.. Pelletier F. Bauman J. Festa-Bianchet M.. Shindeler S. E. Ortuo A. M. Morn F. M. Moorman E. A. Lasley B. L.. Sillero-Zubiri C Hoffmann M. Macdonald D. W.. Silveira L. A. Jacomo A. T. A. Rodrigues F. H. G. Diniz-filho J. Please note that Husbandry Manuals are not currently available for all groups or species. 2. The second section provides the contact details for the Husbandry Manuals known to us from the taxonomic group you have selected, listed by Taxonomic Family. The design should allow for easy inspection of cage occupants. However, the female cycle is not fixed to a single rigid breeding season each year, as in most canids. Reproductive data from males.Significant positive correlations were found for fecal androgen levels, both in the presence and absence of a female. Bulk supplies of food should be stored in designated areas that are cool, dry, clean, and free of vermin, preferably off the floor on pallets, racks, or carts. AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals. Bush dogs live within a social group of as many as 12 members. When hunting, usually at least two individuals are seen together, typically when hunting for large rodents. However, in more open areas it seems that a Bush dog will hunt alone for small rodents. 49 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6626B62769B5266758E5A2F918D2D07D><041926E8CAF9D645BEEB2E667D2FC591>]/Index[44 19]/Info 43 0 R/Length 49/Prev 36221/Root 45 0 R/Size 63/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream WebThe AZA Husbandry guidelines for babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) Species Survival Plan, which were compiled in 2003 using information from babirusa holders and researchers from across Europe and America, have formed the backbone of In general, bushbabies are small, woolly, long-tailed primates with mobile, oversized naked ears (Kingdon 2004). A Mount was clearly distinguishable from a Copulatory Lock by the ability of the pair to move away from each other. In addition, a nonparametric univariate autocorrelation (R-Package [v 4.0.6]Legendre et al. Anything to encourage foraging, hunting, and other natural feeding behaviors. WebK.E. This study was the Ph.D. dissertation of KED, who was supported by Saint Louis University Biology Teaching and Research Assistantships, a Claire-Booth Luce Fellowship, and a Saint Louis University Dissertation Fellowship. It is difficult to interpret these resuhs because of insufficient comparative data for the preintroduction period. A disaster plan should be prepared and rehearsed. 1992; Taha et al. A sampling frequency of 2 times per week was adequate for detecting pattems in male fecal androgen levels (Fig. If the dam does not come out to eat at her regular time, leave the room and notify supervisors about a possible infant. Unlike other canids, the presence of a male was associated with shortened interestrous intervals and increased number of estrous cycles. Mating behavior.During the 2nd phase of the study, mating behavior of each male-female pair was recorded with continuous time-lapse videotaping using infrared lighting at night (Legendre et al. Address: 3705 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27705Phone: (919) 401-7240. Ferret bags, hammocks, buckets, and other small nocturnal sleeping spots are offered and removed to be washed on a weekly basis. Rough surfaces or uncoated wire flooring in primary enclosures should be avoided because they can lead to foot and skin trauma. The number (X = 8, range = 114, n = 32) and duration (X = 15 min, range =152 min, n = 32) of confirmed Copulatory Locks varied within and between pairs. WebDogs should be handled using a leash. Low scores (unformed, loose, diarrhea, etc) may indicate digestive upset, malabsorption, and/or possible hydration issues. Records should include a description of the animal, the date obtained, the source, the length of time held, and any treatment provided together with its final disposition. Watering devices such as drinking tubes and automatic waterers should be examined routinely to ensure their proper operation. We used nonparametric Mantel univariate correlations (R-Package [v 4.0.6] Legendre et al. F2 developed pyometra and required an ovariohysterectomy on 15 Febmary 2003. African hunting dogs tolerate scavengers at their kills, except for spotted hyenas. Opportunistic sightings of bush dogs alone, in pairs, or in groups ranging from several to hundreds of individuals (Bates 1944; Beccaceci 1994; Cabrera and Yepes 1940; Deutsch 1983; Husson 1978; Peres 1991; Strahl et al. ("Southern lesser bush baby, South African galago Galago moholi", 2009;Pullen, 2004;"Southern lesser bush baby, South African galago Galago moholi", 2009;de Magalhaes, et al., 2009;Pullen, 2004;"Southern lesser bush baby, South African galago Galago moholi", 2009;de Magalhaes, et al., 2009;Pullen, 2004) Females nurse their offspring for about 11 weeks though young may begin to catch insects at 4 weeks of age. Split the diet in 2 portions with the first portion fed at 12 PM just before lights out and the second fed as late in the day as possible. Please move carefully into and out of the room. Example two: Practice temperature taking by simply touching the tail and treating, several times. 1987). These findings indicate that mature female bush dogs differ from peripubertal females studied by Porton et al. Red-flanked duiker Husbandry Best Practices. Such multiple, sequential estrous cycles have not been observed m any other canids to date (Table 1). Females often stay with their mothers longer. Additional data are needed to evaluate seasonality in the male. Branch the cage simply and include two nest sites, both at eye level height. Feeders must allow easy access to food, and soiling by urine and feces must be prevented. It is not recommended to house males of this species together due to aggressive behavior. To identify feces of males and females when they were paired, individuals were fed colored, 4-mm plastic beads (Cabela's, Sidney, Nebraska) daily in a portion of the meat-based diet. Seasonality of reproduction.Based on a summary of the births at 48 intemational institutions, captive bush dogs showed no evidence of reproductive seasonality (Table 3). Second, we hypothesized that paired mature female bush dogs have an obligate pseudopregnancy after an infertile mating or ovulation without mating, a characteristic not seen in peripubertal female bush dogs. george jenkins high school campus map; isimeme edeko nigerian. Sharp edges and broken wires must be eliminated, floors must be kept in good condition, and deteriorating equipment must be refurbished or replaced. The male Mounted the female on an average of 42 days (range = 289 days, n = 7 estrous cycles). An individual record should be prepared for each animal. 44 0 obj <> endobj 2). WebFat-tailed Dwarf Lemur Husbandry Guidelines; Lesser Bush Baby Husbandry Guidelines; Mongoose Lemur Husbandry Guidelines; Ring-tailed Lemur Husbandry Excessive noise should be minimized by training staff and by use of appropriate equipment and facilities. Birth cages should be made of the small x inch vinyl coated wire. At the DLC we utilize a rolling cage for her birth inside the room. Animals should be euthanatized when necessary only by qualified personnel, in accordance with recommendations in the current AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals, and as permitted by law. Ages and weights of females at start of study and of males at time of introduction are provided. During the 1st phase, 1 March 2001 to 26 March 2002, females were housed individually with no contact with males, which were housed in a separate building. Click on the Taxonomic link to be taken to the relevant DEMATTEO 5 reversible male contraceptive in bush dogs (Speothos venaticus): open-ended vasectomy and microscopic reversal. Your participation makes AVMA a stronger advocate for our profession. This flexibility has been seen in few other canids (Table 1), but all are more tropical in distribution, including the fennec fox (Vulpes zerda; approximately 14N34N; tropical-subtropicalSillero-Zubiri et al. During baby watch, check baby cage in the AM when white lights are on. Around 10 months the young reach sexual maturity at which point males will emigrate. 86-23. Conservation Status of Least Concern with stable population size. Special thanks to A. Haberem, C. and L. DeMatteo, B. This effect appeared to begin with the introduction of a male to a mature, cycling female. It is during the white light phase that we do our cleaning. FemaleG. moholiexhibit estrus swellings and do not have synchronized fertility. Significant differences in the duration that fecal progestins remained at or near baseline were determined in each of the comparisons among these 3 male categories: male present versus absent (t = 3.000, d.f = 9, P < 0.01), male present compared to introduction of male (t = 5.158, df = 8, P < 0.01), and male absent versus introduction of male (t = 3.713, d.f. Read the latest news about the AVMA and the veterinary profession, and search archives dating back to 2000. Weight:142-250 grams (male & female). Unlike the vasectomy procedure typically used in domestic and exotic camivores that involves cautery of both ends of the vas deferens, removal of a section of the vas deferens, or both, the open-ended vasectomy leaves the distal (testicular) end of the vas deferens open to allow leakage, resulting in a pressure-relieving granuloma, and cauterizes the proximal (abdominal) end of the vas deferens, providing an effective seal that prevents spontaneous recanalization and failure of the vasectomy (Silber 1977; Silber and Grotjan 2004). WebQuartier Adjak, vons Clinique Centrale d'Abomey-Calavi; remplacer margelle piscine bois +229 21 60 25 28; jbl flip 4 ne s'allume plus mais charge +229 69 48 51 13; vito rizzuto children contact@educpartenaires.com The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 6.5%, and the interassay coefficients of variation for 4 separate internal controls were 6.4%, 7.2%, 6.7%, and 5.9%. It is acceptable to give the mother extra veggies, fruit, or juice in a shallow bowl on the day she delivers. The following are general guidelines for the proper care and humane treatment of animals in nonagricultural facilities, such as humane societies, municipal animal control Moreover, unlike many other nondomestic canids (Table 1), captive breeding records and behavioral research have shown that bush dog reproduction is not seasonal, that is, births occur throughout the year (Kleiman 1968; Porton et al. Differences dependent on male or female presence.For females, there was a strong positive effect of male presence on fecal estrogens, fecal progestins, and vulva index (repeated-measures ANOVA, P < 0.0001). Summary of reproductive cycle characteristics for nondomestic canids studied to date. and subadults were made from 7 countries in South America. WebHusbandry Regulated procedures Housing Small, stable groups should be formed. 2002. Bode, Z. Tang-Martinez, and T. Valone. Porton et al. A Mount was not scored when a female's submissive roll resulted in the male only straddling or rubbing against her. These extended periods of baseline fecal progestins are consistent with what would be considered anestrous periods. PURPOSE This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes routine husbandry procedures for dogs. (Gron, 2008). WebLesser Bush Baby Husbandry Guidelines Follow Us Introductory Text If youd like to add an intro, add your text here. Similar studies are needed for many canid species to allow us to make comparative analyses across Canidae. The dam should be weighed prior to the start of baby watch. 2. endstream endobj startxref Although the pattems of change in fecal estrogens and vulva index indicated that male presence was not needed to initiate an estrous cycle, the sustained fecal progestin elevation after an increase in fecal estrogens in the female demonstrated that the presence of a male also was not required for ovulation. Federation of Animal Science Societies, 1111 N Dunlap Avenue, Savoy, Illinois 61874. WebWhen the Maned Wolf SSP was formed in 1985, one of the first goals was to produce husbandry guidelines for managing the species in captivity. Generally, for dogs and cats, the ambient temperature should be kept above 50 degrees Fahrenheit ( 10 degrees Celsius), and below 80 degrees Fahrenheit (26.6 degrees Celsius), and the relative humidity should range from 30 to 70%. When determining between-sex correlations, it was necessary to exclude the 1st phase of the study because there were only 2 months of data collection on males before introduction to females. Animals housed outdoors should have access to shelter from the elements. They are gray, brown, or reddish to yellowish brown, with large eyes and ears, long hind legs, soft, woolly fur, and long tails. Sick or injured animals must receive veterinary care promptly. The current analysis of data from captive bush dogs was important when interpreting the results from the Speothos venaticus Survey, because the analysis showed the importance of considering the number of females and births represented at each latitude, because a small sample size may inaccurately suggest seasonal reproduction. The aim was to determine whether differences within each of the measured variables were dependent on male or female presence. hbbd``b`j@ H0 _v$ 3N None were significant only when the male was present. Temperature and humidityAppropriate environmental conditions vary with the species of animal being housed. Visually check the cage and any loose nest material on the cage floor for a stranded or injured infant. The DLC has had success housing the G.Moholi in a mixed species setting with Aye Aye, Slow Loris, Pygmy Slow Loris, Slender Loris, Pottos, Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemurs and Mirza. With the female in hand, usually during the white light phase of their day, you will notice if the vulva is open or closed. Chris Pfefferkorn Published March 2002 . Annual Report, Magazines, and Newsletters, "Southern lesser bush baby, South African galago Galago moholi", 2009, Blue-eyed Black Lemur Husbandry Guidelines, Fat-tailed Dwarf Lemur Husbandry Guidelines. Latitudes ranged from 7N59.5N (n = 42 zoos) to 20S29S (n = 6 zoos); they were summarized in 10 increments (e.g., 11N20N, 21N30N) for ease of viewing. Van Tienhoven A.. Monfort S. L. Wasser S. K. Mashburn K. L. Burke M. Brewer B. In a 2-year study of the bush dog (Speothos venaticus), a small canid from Central and South America, we examined the reproductive physiology of mature females and the effect of male presence on the incidence and timing of ovulation. Porton et al. 1993; Kleiman 1968; Monfort et al. In this study we focused on characterizing the reproductive cycle of the female bush dog by considering the pattern of gonadal hormone secretion, the number of estrous cycles per year, presence or absence of a seasonal pattern, and influence of the male's presence on the female reproductive cycle or reproductive characteristics. ` = Brand and Cullen 1976; Frame et al.
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