Colloidal silica dispersions are fluid, low viscosity dispersions. J Am Chem Soc 118:401406. Nat Commun 8:110. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:2280822818. Our portfolio includes colloidal and composite materials with a range of particle sizes and treatments, allowing for the controlled tuning of performance characteristics such as tribocharge, free-flow and spacing. Soluble in hot solutions of alkali hydroxide. (2009) Intracellular localization and cytotoxicity of spherical mesoporous silica nano- and microparticles. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2009.11.015, Monopoli MP, berg C, Salvati A, Dawson KA (2012) Biomolecular coronas provide the biological identity of nanosized materials. Dispersions with small silica particles (< 10 nm) are normally quite clear. (2006) Watching silica nanoparticles glow in the biological world. J Colloid Interface Sci 533:463470. item: "subscribe-3", (2017) Degradation of core-shell Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles in biological media. Midsize dispersions (10-20 nm) start to take on an opalescent appearance as more light is scattered. ACS Nano 12:49304937. Eur; JP; IP; FCC, Synonyms & Trade Names: Silica Colloidal Anhydrous; Pyrogenic Silica; Fumed Silica; Colloidal Anhydrous Silicon Dioxide; Light Anhydrous Silicic Acid; Synthetic Amorphous Silica; SAS; Fumed Silicon Dioxide; Silicic Anhydride; Silicon Dioxide Colloidal; Hydrophilic Silica; E551; AEROSIL; Cab-O-Sil; Wacker HDK; AEROPERL 300, Uses & Applications: Glidant; Anticaking Agent; Emulsion Stabilizer; Suspending Agent; Thermal Stabilizer; Viscosity-Increasing Agent; Desiccant, and Solubility-Enhancer. Silica is another name for silicon oxides - the most prevalent type being SiO2. Many people like the ease and convenience of taking a tablet or capsule these are also ideal for travelling. Chem Mater 19:41894197. Crystalline silicas have been shown to be responsible for many of the deleterious effects, such as silicosis. (2010) Biocompatibility, biodistribution, and drug-delivery efficiency of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for cancer therapy in animals. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 141:199206. Any standard silica grade can be used, although grades with much larger specific surface areas, such as Evoniks AEROSIL 300 Pharma are the most recommended. Acc Chem Res 46:792801. It can be found in nature in crystalline form (as quartz sand), and it is the most abundant component of the earth's crust. Adamson A, Gast A (1997) Physical chemistry of surfaces, 6th edn. Note that the aim of the MADG process is not to make large granules, but rather to agglomerate fines and bind the drug with excipients into freely flowing, compressible granules that can be tabletted without further processing. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2012.6199, Mortensen NP, Hurst GB, Wang W et al. MORE, Evonik is now offering IDISIL Colloidal Silica aqueous dispersions and dried particles as well as solvent dispersions. Sodium silicates are also composed of silicate monomers, as opposed to colloidal silica composed of polymeric silicates.The composition of sodium silicates have a SiO2/Na2O ratio of approximately 3.4, whereas colloidal silica generally has a SiO2/Na2O ratio greater than 50. Any information provided on our platform is for general informational and educational purposes only. Acc Chem Res 44:893902. Alternatively, you may consider taking another product in the Qsilica range such as the Qsilica ORIGINAL Liquid or Capsules. Angew Chem Int Ed 55:33233327. Langmuir 27:1050710513. According to the definition of ISO TS 80004-1, Colloidal silicon dioxide (and other synthetic amorphous silicas) are nanostructured. Biomaterials 125:2337. The European Unions Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) concluded that silicon dioxide did not raise concerns with respect to genotoxicity. A debate on whether Colloidal silica particles fall under the definition of nanomaterials has been ongoing for some time now, and a resolution does not appear to be imminent. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(89)90285-3, Sverjensky DA (2005) Prediction of surface charge on oxides in salt solutions: revisions for 1:1 (M+L-) electrolytes. In different pharmacopoeia, Anhydrous colloidal silicon dioxide is described as a fine, white, amorphous powder consisting of sub-microscopic particles (about 15 nm). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01545, Sun JT, Yu ZQ, Hong CY, Pan CY (2012) Biocompatible zwitterionic sulfobetaine copolymer-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for temperature-responsive drug release. (2017) Engineering of inorganic nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. (2019) Fabrication and dual-modal imaging properties of quantum dot/silica core-shell particles with immobilized single-nanometer-sized gold nanoparticles. It has been produced and utilised in medical and food products for over six decades and has been extensively studied by health authorities and many other scientific organisations. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr33280b, Cauda V, Argyo C, Bein T (2010) Impact of different PEGylation patterns on the long-term bio-stability of colloidal mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Bergfeld, D.V. It may be produced by Stber process from Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). (2018) Freeze-drying of silica nanoparticles: Redispersibility toward nanomedicine applications. It is obtained through chemical synthesis using a suitable silicon compound precursor, such as silicon tetrachloride, typically at temperatures >2000 oC. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b05099, Plmai M, Nagy LN, Mihly J et al. APIs that exhibit high solubility and high permeability generally have high bioavailability. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.05.093, Harding RD (1971) Stability of silica dispersions. ;-mTU$o5$M4>-&mYu&1jx5kY* g.mzG'$^YiR? The clinical picture was established within 3-4 weeks, and disappeared within 1-4 weeks after withdrawal of the tablets, but with a return of the hypertension within 3 weeks. SAS is highly pure, crystalline-free, silicon dioxide, SiO2, which may be produced as pyrogenic (also called fumed) silica, precipitated silica and silica gel. (2009) Novel zwitterionic-polymer-coated silica nanoparticles. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b02014, Yamamoto E, Kuroda K (2016) Colloidal mesoporous silica nanoparticles. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100812a002. Chem Mater 14:13251331. number 7631-86-9 Click here and check out which grade fits best to your specific requirements. Remember to keep the opened bottle of Qsilica Liquid in the refrigerator. A key feature of gels obtained with colloidal silica that makes them different from other types of gels (for instance, those obtained with hydrocolloid gums) is that their viscosities show little dependence on temperature. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199466051077, Estephan ZG, Jaber JA, Schlenoff JB (2010) Zwitterion-stabilized silica nanoparticles: toward nonstick nano. Polym Chem 2:2771. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1py00426c, Wang D, Xu Z, Chen Z et al. In addition, it increases the softening point of the suppository base without changing its melting point, an important property for improving stability in warm climates. Precipitated silica, on the other hand, is mesoporous and exhibits an internal surface. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 83:117. Evidence obtained from the many studies done over several decades has led authorities to conclude that colloidal silicon dioxide has minimal adverse health effects from exposure, and is not harmful when administered orally or dermally. anhydrous colloidal silica content of the drug formulations. Acta Biomater 84:317327. Colloidal silicas are most often prepared in a multi-step process where an alkali-silicate solution is partially neutralized, leading to the formation of silica nuclei. Dated 7 December 1999 Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Health and Aged Care Topics Legislation Is there anything wrong with this page? It is used in solid and liquid dosage forms, food products, and cosmetics and has been in use for over 60 years. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, p 122, Parsegian VA (2005) Van Der Waals forces: a handbook for biologists, chemists, engineers, and physicists. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 79:319327. Chem Soc Rev 46:74387468. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, Huang P, Chen Y, Lin H et al. The silanol groups can be isolated silanol groups or even geminal (silanediol groups) or vicinal types. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2010.11.013, Mosquera J, Garca I, Henriksen-Lacey M et al. The symptoms did not appear when valsartan in capsule form was prescribed. (2014) Zwitterionic-coated stealth nanoparticles for biomedical applications: Recent advances in countering biomolecular corona formation and uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system. Leite-Silva, Thickening Agents, Cosmetic Formulation: Principles and Practice, (2019) 119. Guaranteeing equal distribution of the active ingredient, these thickening and stabilizing properties are also beneficial when manufacturing active ingredient patches. (1991). https://doi.org/10.1021/la200227b, Li Y, Hu X, Ding D et al. It may be confused with Silica colloids, which are also obtained via the wet chemical route. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12:117125. Gluten-containing ingredients may be present or handled in the same manufacturing facilities and although strict clean-down procedures are adhered to in these GMP facilities, please be aware of this when deciding if Qsilica is right for you. Low pH versions of colloidal silica are also available by the adsorption of cationic aluminum oxide onto the surface of the particles. Langmuir 36:1144211449. Colloidal silicon dioxide is used in tablet coating processes due to its ability to improve throughput and economics. Parteck SLC excipient is an innovative silica drug carrier that enhances drug solubility thanks to its unique surface structure, which can stabilize the amorphous state. We present the impact of media and particle characteristics on silica nanoparticles degradation. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201303540, Schlenoff JB (2014) Zwitteration: coating surfaces with zwitterionic functionality to reduce non specific adsorption. There are many grades of colloidal silica, but all of them are composed of silica particles ranging in size from about 2 nm up to about 150 nm. Some material is made available to help explain and relay complex phenomena, formulae, physical and chemical constants, and other concepts that are scientifically incontestable but relevant to the use of products, and/or to illustrate, transmit, and teach pharmaceutical science principles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 126:251256. Precipitated silicon dioxide has been known since the mid 17th century. Whether or not these subunits are joined together depends on the conditions of polymerization. This oral liquid is a convenient form of colloidal silica to help support skin, hair and nail health. J Am Chem Soc 138:98819894. Synonym (s): Silica, colloidal anhydrous silica, colloidal silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, fumed silica, fumed silicon dioxide, highly disperse silicon dioxide, light anhydrous silicic acid, silica, Silicon dioxide Linear Formula: SiO2 CAS Number: 7631-86-9 Molecular Weight: 60.08 MDL number: MFCD00011232 Amorphous silica, on the other hand, is industrially manufactured in a variety of forms - including silica gels, precipitated silica, fumed silica, and colloidal silica. Silica, independent of its form and method of preparation (including by-products), is found under CAS Nr. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm500209a, Chen K, Hu F, Gu H, Xu H (2017) Tuning of surface protein adsorption by spherical mixed charged silica brushes (MCB) with zwitterionic carboxybetaine component. In this process, sodium silicate (waterglass) undergoes controlled neutralisation with either concentrated sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid. (2009) Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nanobio interface. Nat Mater 8:543557. SAS products are marketed as dry white powders or dispersions. https://doi.org/10.1039/b921735e, Daz B, Snchez-Espinel C, Arruebo M et al. We recommend selecting the Qsilica product that most closely suits your needs and therefore combining Qsilica products together should not be necessary. Frequently, it is desirable to have hydrophobic silica, i.e a product that repels water. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00426-9, He Q, Zhang Z, Gao Y et al. Benefits of silica from Evonik for the pharmaceutical industry. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 100102:205265. Every lot is tested and certified according to compendial methods. Pure Appl Chem 66:10771184. J Inorg Biochem 69:177180. Nanoscale 8:72407247. Stabilization of solid dispersions. The material can, in principle, be considered suitable for long-term storage and use when appropriately stored and handled. Colloidal silicon dioxide has a low risk of aging or decomposition. Prog Polym Sci 17:163249. Adsorption of active components is possible, however the amounts are typically low and the process is reversible. For more information about our Levasil colloidal silica products, please contact our experts. Two-thousand year-old Roman cement contains amorphous silica from volcanic ash which helps give it high strength and durability. Adv Health Mater 7:1700831. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201700831, Maggini L, Cabrera I, Ruiz-Carretero A et al. Colloidal silica varies from other types of silica in several significant ways. Be the first to know about exclusive offers, new products, expert tips and delicious recipes. Many challenges one solution: Fumed and precipitated silica from Evonik are some of the most important and highly used pharmaceutical excipients. To maintain stability, purity and a safe shelf life . Parteck SLC is also emerging as a first-in-class excipient to reduce the risk of unstable . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(01)00845-7, Hiemstra T, De Wit JC, Van Riemsdijk W (1989) Multisite proton adsorption modeling at the solid/solution interface of (hydr)oxides: a new approach. 3 0 obj<>stream And silica from Evonik can do much more: They can be used to reduce tablet weight without impacting stability. It is listed in all the major pharmacopoeia, including the USP-NF, Ph.Eur, I.P, B.P, and J.P.E. The maximum concentration obtainable depends on the on particle size. Working Hours (Mon to Friday): 08:30 - 17:30. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 69:225257. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b00221, Choi E, Lim D-K, Kim S (2020) Hydrolytic surface erosion of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for efficient intracellular delivery of cytochrome c. J Colloid Interface Sci 560:416425. Nanoscale 7:1504615050. PharmaCentral.com does not make any representation or warranty of any kind regarding its accuracy, adequacy, or legality. (2007) Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of silica nanoparticle dissolution. Google Scholar, Parks GA, de Bruyn PL (1962) The zero point of charge of oxides. (2020) Effect of particle functionalization and solution properties on the adsorption of bovine serum albumin and lysozyme onto silica nanoparticles. The sweet spot is 0.5% w/w, which can be adjusted up or down depending on the required performance (the range varies between 0.2 and 1.0% w/w). Present technology would be very different without the silica used to create the catalysts of our oil refineries, bind the molds for casting super-alloys, form modern glass and ceramics, and polish electronic materials. Properties Free flow and anti-caking agent to improve powder properties Improves tablet properties such as hardness and friability Note that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines colloids as systems (dispersions) in which particles of colloidal size (1 nm1000 nm) of any nature (solid, liquid, or gas) are dispersed in a continuous phase of different composition or state. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201805730, Dietzel M (2000) Dissolution of silicates and the stability of polysilicic acid. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03896, Shen D, Yang J, Li X et al. Collagen provides a structural framework for skin by supporting its thickness and integrity. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar3000986, Tissot I, Reymond JP, Lefebvre F, Bourgeat-Lami E (2002) SiOH-functionalized polystyrene latexes. (2020) Selective targeting of lymphoma cells by monoclonal antibody grafted onto Zwitterionic-functionalized nanoparticles. Several nonpolar liquids, such as vegetable oils, liquid paraffin and isopropyl myristate, can be converted into spreadable gels with Colloidal silicon dioxide. Talanta 59:11731188. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201508288, Lu J, Liong M, Li Z et al. What kind of suspension is a colloidal silica? - 178.170.103.87. Small 10:25162529. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm01390k, Khung YL, Narducci D (2015) Surface modification strategies on mesoporous silica nanoparticles for anti-biofouling zwitterionic film grafting. It contains between 99.0 105 % of SiO2. Particle sizes range from about 1 to 100 nm. In addition, the hydrophilic nature of Colloidal silicon dioxide enables it to attract and preferentially bind moisture, helping to eliminate liquid bridges between solid particles that hinder powder flow. In: Aliofkhazraei M (ed) Handbook of nanoparticles. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722263115, He L, Hu Y, Wang M, Yin Y (2012) Determination of solvation layer thickness by a magnetophotonic approach. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.05.003, Dong R, Liu Y, Zhou Y et al. The liquid can be added to smoothies or a water bottle for consumption throughout the day. Thank you To give a couple of examples our products enhances the performance of waterborne coatings by delivering anti-soling properties as well as provides increased durability and strength in cementing operations. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b04351, Mller K, Bein T (2019) Degradable drug carriers: vanishing mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Qsilica products are available in selected Natural Health Stores, Pharmacies oronline. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820240809, Ishihara K, Ziats NP, Tierney BP et al. Use a high-shear mixer to disperse colloidal silicon dioxide in oils. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.088, Yang Y, Wan J, Niu Y et al. The obtained powdered formulations can be easily compressed into tablets on standard presses. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 70:125169. In Europe, Colloidal silica is designated E551. Flint is a form of silica that was used in ancient tools.The sand used in pottery is also a form of silica. Most colloidal silicas are prepared as monodisperse suspensions with particle sizes ranging from approximately 30 to 100 nm in diameter. (2002) A review of non-DLVO interactions in environmental colloidal systems. (2014) Fabrication of single-hole glutathione-responsive degradable hollow silica nanoparticles for drug delivery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:1382113833. Stay up to date on the latest news and information. In addition, it is approved for use in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00645-7, Rimer JD, Trofymluk O, Navrotsky A et al. Nanoscale 12:26262637. (1998) Kinetics of uptake and elimination of silicic acid by a human subject: a novel application of 32Si and accelerator mass spectrometry. J Colloid Interface Sci 207:332343. J Colloid Interface Sci 33:420429. (2019) Mixed-charge pseudo-zwitterionic mesoporous silica nanoparticles with low-fouling and reduced cell uptake properties. Conversely, dispersions with larger average diameters have lower overall specific surface areas and are available in more concentrated dispersions. number 7631-86-9 Chemical formula (SiO 2) x Formula weight 60.08 (SiO 2) Assay . MORE, IDISIL is designed to perform in a broad range of industries and applications. Chem Phys Lett 191:327335. https://doi.org/10.1021/am502585x, Tang H, Li C, Zhang Y et al. J Mater Chem B 5:435443. Chem Rev 65:177198. Hydrogen ions from the surface of colloidal silica tend to dissociate in aqueous solution, yielding a high negative charge. Not only does silica play an important role in biology, it had played an important role in civilization. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2442, Schneid AC, Silveira CP, Galdino FE et al. Standard colloidal silica dispersions are stable against gelling and settling in pH range of 8 - 10.5. With respect to public risks, the most likely sources of exposure to Colloidal silicon dioxide are through dermal contact or ingestion of natural or synthetic forms of silica, and less likely via inhalation. Finally, fumed silica is commonly referred to as colloidal because the silica powders are made by condensing a silica precursor from a vapour phase. These hard capsules are suitable for vegans and vegetarians. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b09950, Gollwitzer C, Bartczak D, Goenaga-Infante H et al. * Granulated AEROPERL 300 Pharma does not fulfill the JP "Volume Test" due to its high bulk density, Versatile carrier for liquid or poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), Versatile auxiliary material for orally disintegrating tablets (ODT), Adjustment of rheology in semi-solid medications, Improved dissolution of individual active ingredients. In the event of damaged, faulty or incorrect products being despatched, we are happy for you to return the goods to us. Diatoms, a type of phytoplankton forming the base of the oceans food chain, have skeletons composed of silica. The particles may be spherical or slightly irregular in shape, and may be present as discrete particles or slightly structured aggregates. A key advantage of Colloidal silicon dioxide is that only a small quantity is needed to improve the flowability and compressibility of a powdered formulation, which yields strong tablets and higher content uniformity. A low shear blender (gravity drop or mechanical mixers) is preferred to prevent the addition of excess energy into the blend. (2011) Multifunctional mesoporous silica nanocomposite nanoparticles for theranostic applications. Ion exchange. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.08.028, Zhu X, Vo C, Taylor M, Smith BR (2019) Non-spherical micro- and nanoparticles in nanomedicine. Each tablet contains a high quantity of active ingredient so only one-per-day is required. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 132:6071. Evonik Industries, AEROSIL(R) Pharma Colloidal silicon dioxide, Technical information. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.10.100, Yang SA, Choi S, Jeon SM, Yu J (2018) Silica nanoparticle stability in biological media revisited. Adsorption is, however, reversible. CAB-O-SIL TG-C series of colloidal silica. (2008) Assessing methods for blood cell cytotoxic responses to inorganic nanoparticles and nanoparticle aggregates. Suitable for formulating soft powder formulations. MORE, Samples are the first step to tackle technical problems together with a new partner. Our mostfrequently asked questions about products,results, health & more. Pleasecontact uswithin 10 days of receiving your product to ensure we can help you. (2016) Biodegradable peptide-silica nanodonuts. Nat Nanotechnol 7:779786. Naturally occurring in Quartz crystal, colloidal mineral silica (importantly, the element silicon contained within it) is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It also provides pastes and ointments with the desired consistency and prevents separation of the various formulation ingredients, making it a highly versatile material with multiple pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Dissolution Technol 18:1528. Small 4:20252034. PharmaCentral 2021 . J Colloid Interface Sci 353:115. Silica rich foods include whole grains especially oatmeal and brown rice and root vegetables. Qsilica offers a convenient form of colloidal silica, a dietary mineral that supports skin, hair and nail health. It is advised to only take Qsilica products when they are in-date. (2021) Tailored mesoporous inorganic biomaterials: assembly, functionalization, and drug delivery engineering. Evonik offers a broad portfolio of silica products for the pharmaceutical industry based on more than five decades of experience. https://doi.org/10.1021/la803737c, Matsuda Y, Kobayashi M, Annaka M et al. J Am Chem Soc 114:1083410843. Pharmaceutical-approved hydrophobic silica is produced by reacting hydrophilic silicon dioxide with dimethylchlorosilane immediately after the production of Silica particles in the hydrogen flame chamber. ACS Nano 6:41964202. https://doi.org/10.1021/la8007206, Rio-Echevarria IM, Selvestrel F, Segat D et al. If the pH is reduced below 7 or if salt is added, then the units tend to fuse together in chains. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1213, Garca KP, Zarschler K, Barbaro L et al. Colloidal silicon dioxide is an important ingredient in the formulation and production of suppositories. An example of such mesoporous Colloidal silicon dioxide is AEROPERL 300 Pharma (Evonik AG). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-021-05695-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-021-05695-8. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TB00718J, Fontecave T, Sanchez C, Azas T, Boissire C (2012) Chemical modification as a versatile tool for tuning stability of silica based mesoporous carriers in biologically relevant conditions. This element attracts microscopic pathogens and their products, allergens, and toxins. Powdered, liquid or pasty active ingredients should be first ground or triturated with Colloidal silicon dioxide and, if possible, sieved before being added to the molten suppository base. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015146710500, Ninham BW (1999) On progress in forces since the DLVO theory. Suspensions of fine amorphous silica particles in a liquid, Learn how and when to remove this template message, It increase the bulk & taped density of powder & granules also, It is also be used in Lubrication of Tablet, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colloidal_silica&oldid=1136551695, Articles lacking sources from November 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Stabilizing and rigidizing refractory ceramic fiber blankets, Liquid silicon dioxide (colloidal silica) is used as a wine and juice, This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 22:28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2015.10.009, Tiemblo P, Garca N, Hoyos M et al. Colloidal silicon dioxide improves powder flow by counteracting the forces behind particle cohesion. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00053a020, Kresge CT, Leonowicz ME, Roth WJ et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0162-0134(97)10016-2, Ogura M, Shinomiya S, Tateno J et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.035, Shahabi S, Treccani L, Dringen R, Rezwan K (2015) Modulation of silica nanoparticle uptake into human osteoblast cells by variation of the ratio of amino and sulfonate surface groups: effects of serum. Generally, the viscosity of obtained gels depends on the amount of silica added; that is, the more is added, the thicker the gel will be. There are many grades of colloidal silica, but all of them are composed of silica particles ranging in size from about 2 nm up to about 150 nm. The interplay between NPs aggregation and degradation has been scarcely explored in the literature when biological fluids are seriously taken into account. Nano Lett 14:923932. All rights reserved worldwide. ACS Appl Nano Mater 3:1193311944. Pharm Res 37:191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-020-02917-6, Ni D, Bu W, Ehlerding EB et al. 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