. But how did the dam get to be here? APUSH Chapter 21 Vocabulary Flashcards This is why environmental impact statements, which were not required prior to 1969, are so important today. It carried workers and materials for the dam, as well as tourists, postage and other amenities. Most reformers agreed that the growing immigrant population had created social problems. What did the congressional elections of 1910 show? welfare is dependent on the welfare of society as a whole. Many viewed saloons as sources of drunkenness, violence, and occasionally murder. State governments responded by requiring the licensing of all physicians. . O'Shaughnessy Dam (California) - Wikipedia . Answer (a), (b), and (c). Using executive powers, Roosevelt restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped government landmost in the Westadding them to the previously modest national forest system. Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. Between 1908 and 1913, Congress debated whether to make a water resource available or preserve a wilderness when the growing city of San Francisco, California proposed building a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley to provide a steady water supply. The water winds between granite features like Kolana Rock and Hetch Hetchy Dome. Lukas Keel was an intern withHumanitiesmagazine. But Hetch Hetchy was a federally protected as part of Yosemite National Park. Would there be any room in an acquisitive society for wildness, or for non material spiritual values?. Looking up at Wapama Falls from the footbridge on the hiking trail. challenging the existing male-dominated order. Slow-moving reservoirs heat up, resulting in abnormal temperature fluctuations which can affect sensitive species. Some argued that women had the same "natural rights" -women deserved the same rights as There is plenty to see and do right here, from kayaking on the water to climbing the magnificent domes above. You could then scuba ElCapitan down to the valley floor. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.`. o Opponents called them the "Wobblies". Teams completed the OShaughnessy Dam in 1923 and the reservoir filled for the first time in May of that year. In the first years of the twentieth century, how did the suffrage movement gain strength? Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives. What were the different progressive opinions regarding immigration? Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. Founded in 1903 by Jane Addams, Mary Anderson and other trade unionists, the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) devoted itself to securing better occupational conditions for women and encouraging women to join the labor movement. As well dam for water tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.'. These opposing views might have made the two men natural enemies. For Muir, damming Hetch Hetchy was a blasphemy. They respected each other, and acknowledged their shared appreciation for the natural world. should exist only if they benefited the middle-class. Chapter 28 Apush. An unhealthy environment could lead to ignorance, poverty and even criminality. First, the beauty of the valley which they felt should not be sacrificed to build a dam. In his political program known as "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts Why did some progressives oppose business? John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.` Even in the summer when Yosemite Valley is being explored by visitors from around the world, Hetch Hetchy remains an oasis of relative calm. Roosevelt filed more than 40 additional antitrust suits during the remainder of his presidency. Why did Roosevelt push for the passage of the Meat Inspection Act? National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. How did they accomplish their goals? many other states. 2023 Yosemite Mariposa County Tourism Bureau, Yosemite Itineraries: What to Do in Yosemite. By 1919, 39 states had granted women the right to vote in at least some elections. o Land and resourcescontrolled by federal government. What became one of the first targets of those working for political reform? The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13 Additional Resources in the Library of Congress The Library of Congress's General Collections include many materials related to the Hetch Hetchy controversy: books, pamphlets, and government documents. Initiative: Why did voter turnout decline? This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located. 02/08/2011. What impact did it have on the temperance movement? This valley was isolated and remote, twenty miles northwest of the original. John Muir once described Hetch Hetchy Valley as, a grand landscape garden, one of Natures rarest and most precious mountain temples.. What part should mountains, rivers, natural meadows or wild creatures play in American life? Other trails also continue to Lake Vernon. Whom did the party nominate? He had to then appease both the conservatives and progressives. The construction of the Hetch Hetchy Railroad took place from 1915 to 1918. held a strong commitment to improved racial justice. Photo: Herbert W. Gleason courtesy of the Sierra Club. Its a a wonderful place to see spring waterfalls and wildflower displays. o Referendum: provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the Expect delicious meals and hearty portions to fuel your adventure or beat that post-hiking hunger. San Franciscos water system could not adequately serve its growing population, and the dam presented a solution. Is your answer First major political debate over environment. Hetch Hetchy ushered in a new era for the national parks. How much NorCal reservoirs shot up a week after big storm - SFGATE Taft investigated the charges and decided they were groundless. It is part of our More than Just Parks Environmental Heroes series. In the late nineteenth century, the Granger Laws supported the interests of, 26. What was the most important source of reform in the West? It involved the unintended consequences of efforts to shape the environment to meet human needs. The San Francisco Bulletin printed a Dec. 1, 1913, story calling the bills opponents a crowd ofnature lovers and fakers, who are waging a sentimental campaign to preserve the Hetch Hetchy Valley as a public playground, a purpose for which it has never been used.. As Clayton writes, the 1897 act and MuirsAtlanticandHarperspieces are as much a climax to the Muir-Pinchot story as Hetch Hetchy. He was upset with Taft and felt he was the only one that could reunite the Republican Party. Formerly called Buck Meadows Restaurant and Bar, the new caf crosses rustic-mountain flair with roadside cafe friendliness. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. o Election of the mayor nonpartisan o Strongest in urban immigrant communities and Protestant farmers in the South and Midwest Dam the Hetch Hetchy! The most determined opponents to lynching in the South were southern women (black and white). A. adopted several, but not all, major Populist issues. Many blamed the Wobblies for dynamiting railroad lines, power stations, and other acts Congress would decide the fate of the Hetchy Hetchy Valley. This fight set the stage for future battles between those who believed natural resources were to be used for the greatest good versus those who believed natural resources were to be preserved for the greatest enjoyment. He was opposed by then Mayor Diane Feinstein who argued that the dam was San Franciscans birthright. Legal walls must be built about them for defense, for every park will be attacked. Hetch Hetchy is on the main stem of the Tuolumne River and is part of the Tuolumne watershed. National Park Service - HISTORY o Declining family size emergency exits to prevent workers from leaving "unjustly". Congress has set aside the Yosemite Valley as a state park in 1864, established a national park around it in 1890, and then reclaimed the valley as part of the national park in 1903. He connected the new forests to his beloved national parks, he wrote of God in nature, he compared the commissions congressional opponents to yellowjackets in a horses ear. In an effort to build this support, he published his bookThe Yosemitein 1912. The same features that make Hetch Hetchy Valley so spectacular also make it an ideal location for a dam. In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of, When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt Most people called it Hetch Hetchy, a mispronunciation of a Central Mohawk word for a plant that indigenous people were harvesting there when the first white man came along.. John Muir knew that without public support, the Hetch Hetchy Valley would be lost. Let us introduce you to some of the unique giant sequoia groves in the Yosemite Mariposa County area the Merced, Tuolumne, and Mariposa Groves are inside Yosemite National Park, and the Nelder Grove is just outside the park boundary to the south. conditions of the industrial workplace. Explain. It limited the ability of individuals to control their own destinies. Learn what to expect from Mirror Lake in various seasons. The first people, outside of Native Americans, to see the Hetch Hetchy Valley were Joseph, Nate and William Screechin 1850. The story of these two icons of American environmentalism is told in John Claytons bookNatural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, published last August. What was the Hetch-Hetchy controversy? 1860-1935. Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. By 1919,how many states had granted women the right to vote? it to the people. WWI dramatically weakened the socialists. The spacious rooms include access to a heated swimming pool, spa, playground, and laundry facilities. To get the electricity they would need, they first built a smaller dam at Lake Eleanor. Were they successful? The question Pinchot always asked was, What is the greatest good for the greatest number?, He was famously quoted as saying, Where conflicting interests must be reconciled, the question shall always be answered from the standpoint of the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run., RELATED: Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, In his congressional testimony, Pinchot argued in favor of building the dam. Women's clubs began primarily as cultural organizations to provide middle- and upper-class women without an outlet for their intellectual energies. At full capacity, the reservoir stretches eight miles (13 km) upstream of the OShaughnessy Dam. He brought together a coalition that would support his program. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. As Muir famously protested: Dam Hetch Hetchy? Triangle Shirtwaist fire: Union Labor Party(California) passed a child labor law, a workmen's compensation law, and the limitation on working hours for women. The walls of both are of gray granite, rise abruptly out of the flowery grass and groves are sculptured in the same style, and in both every rock is a glacial monument., (Source: Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography, Hetch-Hetchy, Natural History Before The Dam, Joe Medeiros), In defense of Hetch Hetchy, Muir crafted some of his most famous prose. Taft made Richard A. Ballinger as o Teaching Founder of Settlement House Movement. Had to balance the Northern businessmen and reformers. Early twentieth-century clubs turned from cultural to social betterment. What was the Hetch Hetchy controversy Apush? - Kyoto2.org They poured an estimated total of more than 398,000 cubic yards (304,000 cubic meters) of concrete to form the dam. It damming in the 1920's caused major controversy among environmentalists. B. led to a diversification of research interests. Utopian vision of a Harvard forestry grad, Scam Advisory: Recent reports indicate that individuals are posing as the NEH on email and social media. o Technological innovationsrunning water, electricity, household appliances made housework suffered defeat). Morgan not used to being told "no". A second crash occurred in October 1907, and was precipitated when, using money borrowed from F. Augustus Heinze, Heinze's brothers failed in their attempts to corner United Copper. Corporations bought up entire forests for lumber. o Some did not agree with a restriction on immigration: employers (immigrants = cheap labor), immigrants themselves, and their political representatives. Their distinct skills and conflicting views proved complementary, helping define the diversity of the American public lands system. At the time, suffrage seemed a radical demand. From 1908-1913, Congress debated legislation to supply the city of San Francisco with water by damming the Hetch Hetchy Valley. He was a firm believer in utilitarian conservation. Hetch Hetchy - Wikipedia taken to Pinchothead of the Forest Servicewho took the information to the president. o Disputes over waterrivers and streams that crossed state lineswho controlled? In 1909, Taft's popularity with reformers was destroyed for good. Then, in 1906, a devastating earthquake caused a series of fires in San Francisco that destroyed 25,000 buildings across 490 city blocks. "HETCH HETCHY" ran the headline on September 4, 1913: The only time to set aside national parks is before the bustling needs of civilization have crept upon them. Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, Meet The Real Life Batman & Robin Of The National Parks, Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism, Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir, 10 EPIC Things to Do at Pinnacles National Park (Expert Guide) 2023, 25 MUST-SEE California Landmarks (Expert Guide + Photos). They wrote letters to each other regularly. This time it was in favor those who wanted to preserve the valley for generations yet to come. needed to be tightly regulated by the federal government. An advantage which Phelan, Pinchot and other supporters of the dam project enjoyed was a divided opposition. He would sign what is known as the 1897 Organic Act into law. The reservoir supplies water for the city of San Francisco, so there is no recreational boating or swimming allowed. Money became extremely tight. o Rejected political action in favor of strikesgeneral strikes. desirable activities get fewer resources than they deserve? What are some of the issues clubs addressed? Hetch Hetchy | Hetch Hetchy Dam & Reservoir History | Yosemite.com Not far from there, youll find more budget-minded lodging at Buck Meadows Lodge. Start by hiking across the OShaughnessy Dam then turn east along the shore of the reservoir. Roosevelt was not a self proclaimed trustbuster, but he did make a few efforts to break up combinations. professional organizations, trade associations representing businesses and What reasons were given, supporting women's suffrage? Yosemite's Accidental Wilderness | Sierra Club No BS! They also argued that it would help the temperance movementgiving the largest group of supporters a political voice. Pinchot also worked with the National Conservation Commission in 1910. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Appealed to workers, farmers and some middle-class Americans. He wrote, I have always called it the Tuolumne Yosemite, for it is a wonderfully exact counterpart of the great Yosemite, not only in its crystal river and sublime rocks and waterfalls, but in the gardens, groves, and meadows of its flowery park-like floor. The privately owned Spring Valley Water Company had required its customers to pay exorbitant rates for years. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. Created. In these magazines he articulated the diverse system that we now understand as public lands, a system that combines the preservation of national parks like Yosemite with a system of forests, protected by the federal government but open to every Americans use. Utilizing its superior resources, the city produced a detailed report which made a compelling case that, far from damaging the beauty of Yosemite, the dam would actually enhance it. o New scholarly theories argued that the immigrants were polluting the nation's racial stock. Albright, along with Stephen Mather, became instrumental players in the creation of a national park system three years after Congress decided the issue of Hetch Hetchy. Albert Bierstadt was known for his sweeping landscapes of the American West. Environmentalists lost what was the opening battle in a fight to preserve Americas natural wonders. The pressure that Muir and his compatriots generated in 1908 and 1909 did not dissuade the administration from its support of the Hetch Hetchy dam, but this pressure was quite effective in the realm of electoral politics. This can lead to algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. Waterfalls gushed at Hetch Hetchy after an atmospheric river event in October 2021. be called after a sufficient number of citizens had signed a petition. by kylecwalden9, Feb. 2012. The first is utilitarian conservation. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing population, and saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. industries, labor organizations, farm lobbies, and many others. Subsequent proposals for development in our national parks have been defeated by citizen activists inspired by calls to remember Hetch Hetchy. John Muir stands with President Theodore Roosevelt on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park in 1903. He said, So we come now face to face with the perfectly clean question of what is the best use to which this water that flows out of the Sierras can be put. Guests at these suites receive breakfast on their patios. Some believed in working for reform through electoral politics, others favored militant direct action. They felt government must regulate competition to ensure that large combinations did not emerge. What reform issues did Wilson not support? He exerted firm control over his cabinet and delegated real authority only to those whose loyalty to No picture of the giant sequoia trees in Yosemite National Park manages to fully capture their immense size and majesty.
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