uss bonefish wreck

Channel; 20 41N; 118 27E. The salvageships USS Petrel and USS Hoist are assessing the safety and manner of towing the ship back to port, he said. was scuttled in Manila Bay after damage at Cavite grounding on reef south of Rossel Island Louisande Archipelago. But what I want most to tell you is that the quality of the young BONEFISH sailors in knowing their ship. USS Scorpion (SS-278) was lost on 1-Feb-1944 with That tour of duty ended with her return to Oahu in July. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR Shipwrecked Remains of U.S.S. USS Harder (SS-257) was lost on 24-Aug-1944 with the USS Escolar (SS-294) was lost on or after Naval History and Heritage Command) As far as Lockwood was concerned, Operation Barney had been a . Then, after refresher training off Monterey, Calif., she returned to Pearl Harbor where she conducted exercises until 20 March. the crew dies, sometimes there are survivors. It has been located at a depth of 6,895 meters (22,621 feet) in the Philippine Sea -- more than . On 26 April, she intercepted a convoy of four ships steaming along the Mindanao coast. The contract to build her was awarded on 29 June 1956 to the New York Shipbuilding Corporation of Camden, New Jersey and her keel . Altogether, eighty-nine of the ninety-two crew aboard Bonefish were saved. Bonefish returned to Pearl Harbor from that routine deployment on 7 November and began 13 months of local operations. Bonefish tracked the target whose rapidly falling speed indicated her distress until the crippled tanker's escorts forced the boat to retire. USS Grayling (SS-209) was lost on 9-Sep-1943 with She resumed active service in the western Atlantic and West Indian operating areas on 5 April 1984 and remained so engaged through the end of the year. Still, Tunny waited in vain off Hokkaid for three days. At the end of the South American deployment, she resumed normal operations out of San Diego, and that employment occupied her time for the remainder of 1979 and during 11 of the 12 months of 1980. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR A submersible has dived to the world's deepest-known shipwreck. Pictures captured by an undersea drone show the wreck of World War II-era submarine USS Bugara in stunning detail. That employment lasted until October 1967, when she headed back to the Orient. the loss of 76 crew when it was sunk off the northeast coast of Honshu A spark ignites the hydrogen - and remember the ship is full of electric motors - and you have an explosion followed by a fire and that fire produces the chlorine gas, Friedman said. None of the drills they do could have prepared them for what happened, said Mrs. Causey, who is from Jacksonville, Fla. Causey, 30, was one of 89 of the Bonefishs 92 crewmen evacuated Sunday after explosions and fire filled the vessel with smoke and toxic gases. Sources: R, SFLM On 8 December 1980, Bonefish stood out of San Diego on her way to duty with the 7th Fleet. The keel of the second Bonefish ( SS-582) was laid 3 June 1957 at New York Shipbuilding Corp. Camden N. J.; launched 22 November 1958; and sponsored by Mrs. Lawrence L. Edge widow of Commander Edge. Ros: Roscoe, Theodore, Submarine Operations of WWII Remarks: Reportedly dived, no published report seen yet. With escorts charging her, the boat suddenly lost depth control and ducked her periscope below the water. sufficient to preclude removal to home waters when Phillipines were surrendered. loss of 84 crew when it was sunk 2 miles off west coast of Palawan. the loss of 76 crew when it was sunk in or near Tablas Strait, PI. Reportely the wreck has been located and dived. Presentation loss of 32 crew when it was sunk after collision with SS City of Rome USS Sculpin (SS-191) was lost on 19-Nov-1943 with The majority of the next six patrols were just as successful. The Navy gave no further details, said Williams, of Naoma. In September, the submarine entered the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard for her regular overhaul. The Navy and Marine Corps Medal is the highest noncombat decoration awarded for heroism within the US Department of the Navy, ranking immediately above the Bronze Star Medal in the order of precedence for the awards and decorations of the US armed forces. Power cables in Bonefishs forward battery well were sparking and glowing cherry red, small flames and electrical arcs licking across the battery bus. BONEFISHs luck had finally run out. As she maneuvered into attack position, Bonefish selected a large oiler as her primary target and launched four bow "fish" at it. Sailors tried repeatedly to hoist Lt. Everts out the bridge hatch but were finally forced to as smoke pervaded the submarine. the loss of 77 crew when it was sunk East China Sea. Remarks: WDR date spread is 1-5-44 to 2-24-44 He has also worked in education, editing, and refugee resettlement in France and the United States. However, she took two Japanese prisoners from a downed enemy plane, and performed reconnaissance work on the southern end of Korea. It was an auspicious beginning. On 6 July, she surfaced to destroy a wooden-hulled schooner by gunfire. The maneuver succeeded in temporarily clearing smoke from the control room but not the remainder of the vessel. Click here Lt. Michael Langston, chaplain at the Asheville Naval Reserve Center in Asheville, N.C., said he was told to notify Lindgrens mother and brother in nearby Pisgah Forest. While on lifeguard duty off Korea's southern coast on 16 April, Bonefish rescued two Japanese aviators who had been shot down by a Navy plane. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR Ros and At least 250 managed to abandon ship but were killed by the Japanese in the water. Waickiwicz extracted more than twenty crewmembers over three hours using a rescue hoist despite dangerous flying conditions, at one point refusing an order to withdraw. Under the command of Lt. Cmdr. Bonefish made a submerged approach and launched four torpedoes. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR loss of 56 crew when it was sunk on 5th patrol off Paramushiru, Kuriles loss of 102 crew when it was sunk just north of Morotai, between PI and The interaction between the saltwater and the exposed electrical cables ultimately led to the overheating and explosion of the forward battery well as described at the beginning of the article. It was necessary to enter this hellish situation, stepping over dead shipmates, finding the right valves, getting the valves shut, pumps established, and securing the submarine on the surface before we could tow her back to port. The USS Bonefish was lost in the Sea of Japan on June 18, 1945, with its crew of 85. 2 before making an emergency dive in shallow water. . On 11 December, she surfaced to engage small cargo vessel Toyohime Maru [7] with gunfire, scoring several hits before a mechanical problem put her gun out of action. You may recall that BONEFISH, the last diesel submarine in the Atlantic, was in the vicinity of the Bahamas three years ago, when a fire in the battery area caused the captain to abandon ship and left us with the problem of recovering and bringing her back to Charleston. Bonefish concluded her first war patrol back at Fremantle, Western Australia, on 21 October. with the loss of 19 crew when it was sunk after collision with USS F-3 BONEFISH covered a South China Sea area in her sixth patrol, and sank two large tankers and a freighter during September and October 1944. 1Sept20 40 miles offshore. At the end of those operations, she visited Hamburg, West Germany, and Portsmouth, England, before returning to Charleston on 9 October. WDR date spread 4-7-44 to 5-12-44. USS Seawolf (SS-197) was lost on 3-Oct-1944 with the Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR No written report seen. With her crew refreshed and her provisions and ammunition replenished, Bonefish got underway on 5 September for the Sibuyan Sea. Nine minutes later Bonefishs skipper ordered the hatches to the battery compartment sealed, hoping to starve the flames. She set course for Fremantle the next day, ending her patrol there on 13 August. TWS is the largest online community of Veterans existing today and is a powerful Veteran locator. Return expeditions have not relocated hull. In company with TUNNY and SKATE, BONEFISH (SS-223), commanded by CDR L. L. Edge, departed Guam on 28 May 1945 to conduct her eighth war patrol. A Navy salvage crew boarded the submarine Tuesday but had to pump out toxic gases swirling through the hull before they could enter the ship, which had been adrift since Sunday. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR Eighty-five men were lost with BONEFISH. The temperature in the battery space reached 1,200 Fahrenheit (650 Celsius). Bonefish's keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Company of Groton, Connecticut on 25 June 1942. The causes of death would not be known until a full medical report was done, Borton said. Dived. She sighted a Japanese task force consisting of three battleships, one aircraft carrier, three heavy cruisers, and one light cruiser, screened by eight destroyers. The submarine relayed the information, then continued her reconnaissance. After refit and training, the submarine got underway on 22 November for the South China Sea and her second war patrol. The wreck lies upright with its bow missing and A turret pointing aft. Sixty-five submarines built for the United While in the Far East, the warship participated in various 7th Fleet exercises and visited ports in Japan, the Philippines, the Marianas, and at Hong Kong. USS S-36 (SS-141) was lost on 20-Jan-1942 when it was destroyed after Remarks: R states sinking off Southern Formosa. Conditions on BONEFISH were absolutely temble, the air in the submarine was totally contaminated, having been filled with the residue from various laminated formica installations, burned cables, various fluids, hydraulic oil, and battery chlorine. Sbastien Roblin holds a Masters Degree in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University and served as a university instructor for the Peace Corps in China. U.S. Another sailor said, however, that the men were newly assigned to the ship and may have gotten lost in the smoke and gas that filled the hull. Project Team; Contribute; Support; . USSBonefish(SS-223) was a Gato-class submarine, the first United States Navy ship to be named for the bonefish. Named Pierces Pole Cats after TUNNY commanding officer Commander George E. Pierce, the wolfpacks assignment was to invade the Sea of Japan, along with two other packs of American subs (Hydemans Hepcats and Bobs Bobcats), and destroy what remained of Japans overseas supply lines. Naval authorities deemed the damage to Bonefish to be too extensive to warrant repair and thus decided to decommission and scrap her. Sources: R, D, SFLM Sources: R, D, SFLM Again in the South China Sea on her third patrol, BONEFISH sank a very large tanker, a medium freighter and a schooner, and damaged a second large tanker. is aware of her location and the condition of the hull. Everts sister, Cynthia Williams, said the Navy had sent someone to their house this morning to announce that Everts body had been found. the loss of 80 crew when it was sunk near 25 47N 128 45E. Scuttling She spent the first 20 weeks of 1978 conducting various training exercises out of San Diego. Wilson would not comment further because an investigation of the fire is pending, said Lt. Cmdr. There, she engaged in 7th Fleet training evolutions and made port visits at Hong Kong, in the Philippines, and in Japan. Ostlund says his research shows loss northeast Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR (United Fruit) off Panama Canal. USS S-39 (SS-144) was lost on 14-Aug-1942 when it was destroyed after The escort ships pursued Bonefish, but she was able to dive and elude her attackers. On 6 February, the submarine sighted a convoy composed of at least 17 ships. All the crew escaped through a hole cut in hull in the tiller USS Flier (SS-250) was lost on 13-Aug-1944 with the Indonesia, by USS Rowell; 02 32 N; 129 18E. USSVI has over 13,000 members nationwide. After three days there without encountering any enemy ships, she departed those waters on 24 September. lost in the rescue operation. I had the privilege to be in charge of the rescue operation at sea, an experience that I wont soon forget. The Soviets sailors associated with the lost YANKEE and the MIKE may have found themselves in not too different a set of circumstances than what we found on BONEFISH. She was launched 7 May 1943 (sponsored by Mrs. Elizabeth S. Daubin, wife of Rear Admiral Freeland A. Daubin), and commissioned on 31 May 1943, Lieutenant Commander Thomas W. Hogan in command. Remarks: Dived and photographed by DSRV in 1997 She departed her lifeguard station the next day, stopped at Saipan for fuel on the 27th, and continued on to Pearl Harbor, where she arrived on 8 November. In company with Tunny and Skate, Bonefish (SS-223), commanded by Commander L.L. A private dive team has found the last American warship sunk off the US east coast in WWII - solving a 75-year-old naval cold case. The importance of this effort was not only because of the salvage value of the submarine which was perhaps as high as 40 million dollars, and the recovery of the three fellows who had died in the fire, but also because of the obvious ramifications for the rest of the submarine force. The flooding was later traced back to a leaky seal in the Bonefishs Trash Disposal Unit used to eject waste into the water, as detailed in the Navys investigation. On 30 July, Bonefish was presumed lost. While the other boats transited La Perouse Strait and headed home, TUNNY waited three more days, hoping her sister ship would appear. During the later part of this patrol, Bonefish joined Flasher(SS-249) and Lapon(SS-260) in forming a coordinated attack group. USS Sealion (SS-195) was lost on 25-Dec-1941 when it Aboard the Carr they were treated to donated clothing and a warm meal as they recovered from the ordeal. On 25 January, the submarine commenced a 14-month overhaul at the Charleston Naval Shipyard. This required anyone entering the submarine to be in a Scott breathing apparatus rather than an Oxygen Breathing Apparatus which was not efficient enough. Experts on the research. On 24 October 1944, USS Darter (SS-227) ran aground while pursuing the Japanese heavy cruiser Takao in Palawan Passage, Philippines. USS H-1 (SS-28) was lost on 12-Mar-1920 with the Henney said he did not know what type of gases were in the vessel. Postwar records show that, while her torpedoes only damaged the tanker, they sank one of the escorting destroyers, Inazuma, which was known for having rescued 376 survivors from HMSExeter and 151 from USSPope during the Second Battle of the Java Sea. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR No reports from boat For a brief history of the boat, please see The Loss of USS Bonefish. Petty Officer Third Class Larry B. Grossman, an Aviation Rescue Swimmer (AIRR) and Navy Diver from Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron Seven (HS-7), with total disregard for his own safety, jumped from an H-3 helicopter into the ocean and spent more than three hours rescuing stricken sailors. loss of 78 crew when it was sunk in Western Atlantic, possibly near Cuba Feb 42 N of Kendari 21 Feb 42 E of Kendari (Ros). On Friday, 13 April, she attempted to sink a patrol vessel, but the target's radical maneuvers enabled it to escape. Less than two months later she was on her way to her new homeport in Brisbane, Australia; her first war patrol began on 16 September. Later that same day, the boat fired eight torpedoes at a small cargo ship, scoring several hits. SFLM state correctly that eight men survived and were rescued by USS Redfin on 30 August The vessel reached the USS Johnston, which lies 6.5km (4 miles) beneath the waves in the Philippine Sea in the Pacific Ocean.. BONEFISH did not make this rendezvous, and after the other eight vessels had successfully transited La Perouse Strait, TUNNY on 25 and 26 June waited off the entrance to the strait and unsuccessfully tried to contact BONEFISH. a muster of the frigate crew at two oclock in the morning. Photos HERE Bonefish then set course for Sibutu Passage on a reconnaissance mission. "On Eternal Patrol - Marshal Todd Lindgren", "Investigation into the circumstances surrounding a fire onboard USS Bonefish (SS-582)", Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Bonefish_(SS-582)&oldid=1145324892, This page was last edited on 18 March 2023, at 14:44. She began her career as an active member of the Submarine Force with a patrol in the South China Sea in September and October 1943. Ill always remember that every man in that 200 man crew raised his hand, and I was touched. Readers interested in this incident would be well-served by reading the Navys report investigating the incident, as well as personal accounts shared by Bonefishs crew, including her executive officer. But unlike nuclear-powered peers then beginning to enter service, the Barbels were constrained by the life of their 506 lead-acid battery cells. I was sent out with a handful of young people (a couple of them BONEFISH sailors who happened to have been on leave or had stayed back in Charleston for training) to see what I could do about bringing the submarine back to port. The submarine crash-dived to a depth of . On 1 June, the submarine embarked upon a deployment to South America. The Bonefish was submerged and operating on two massive batteries when, according to initial reports, an explosion occurred in the battery compartment at about 4:30 p.m., a spokesman said. The USS Destroyer Escort Samuel B. Roberts, known as the Sammy B., is the world's deepest shipwreck. She sank three freighters, two transports, a tanker and a schooner, and damaged a fourth freighter. Bonefish conducted trials and training off the New England coast until the spring of 1960. Unable to open the hatch, Everts climbed back down and collapsed on the command centers floor, whereupon Wilson noticed and placed an EAB on his face. BONEFISH asked permission to conduct a submerged daylight patrol in Toyama Wan, in the mid part of western Honshu, and having received it, departed for Suzu Misaki. The escort increased speed and headed for Bonefish, but the sub went deep and escaped the barrage of depth charges. and utterly contaminated atmosphere, were the factors that resulted in saving the ship. Sources: Reliance while being towed off. Arcing then caused an explosion, which flashed into a fire within minutes. On the afternoon of April 24, 1988, all was not well in the USS Bonefish amongst the last remaining diesel-electric submarines in the U.S. Navy. She then cleared the area and, the next day, engaged and destroyed another small ship with gunfire. USS BONEFISH (SS-582) USS Bonefish (SS-582) was a Barbel-class submarine in the United States Navy. A great many depth charges were dropped, and wood chips and oil were observed. spread is 11-23 to 12-9-43, Ships and Tonnage Four men trapped in torpedo room survived for possibly 60 hours. She was launched on 22 November 1958, sponsored by Mrs. Lawrence L. Edge, widow of Commander Lawrence Edge, who was lost with his ship, the first Bonefish, in 1945. She never did. She was the second to last United States Submarine lost in the war, with Bullhead(SS-332) being lost in August 1945. The Navy anticipates towing the vessel to its homeport of Charleston, S.C., said Chief Petty Officer Joseph C. Mowery, another fleet spokesman. Learn More , Library Hours: All the crew were taken off prior to sinking. Everts then climbed up to the bridge, opening the lower hatch, and then attempted to open the upper hatch to the surface. The voyage took her through the Panama Canal to the Caribbean Sea. Recognizing that the ship was taking on water and that the conditions inside the submarine were unbelievably difficult for salvage, I arrived on the scene and was helo-ed out with my party to one of our frigates in the KENNEDY battlegroup which was steaming in the vicinity. USS Barbel (SS-316) was lost on or after 4-Feb-1945 This vessel's fifth patrol was in the same area as her fourth, and she sank two small freighters, a large tanker and five miscellaneous small craft, while she damaged a second tanker. Remarks: All but 4 men died within hours in engineroom and motor room due to She had a busy career in the Pacific against Japanese shipping after being launched and commissioned in May 1943. walking speed) but that same battery would only last just 90 minutes at a flank speed of 18.5 knots. Bonefish conducted training out of Pearl Harbor until early November. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR WWII Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM USS Grampus . On 1 April 1960, she departed New London, Conn., to join the Pacific Fleet. loss of 4 crew when it Grounded, Magdalena Bay, Mexico, was sunk in 9 Fathoms NORFOLK, Va. (AP) _ Navy salvage workers who boarded the USS Bonefish as the abandoned submarine drifted in the Atlantic today found the bodies of the three men missing after explosions and fire rocked the ship, Navy officials said. The submarine was taking on water in the torpedo room and the stem room, and when we arrived on scene, was about six or seven degrees down by the bow with water up to the foot of the sail. The Bonefishs captain, Cmdr. The Navy would neither confirm nor deny that the submarine was charging its batteries at the time. Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday Saturday and Sunday, Operation Hours: The submarine conducted normal operations out of San Diego until 4 October, when she entered the Mare Island Naval Shipyard for her first regular overhaul. According to fellow crewmember William Baker, Everts was likely dead set on one thing: verifying on the periscope that Bonefish was clear to surface so she didnt accidentally collide with the Carr nearby. BBC Science Correspondent Explorers have found the deepest shipwreck ever identified, a US navy destroyer escort sunk during WWII. U-boat, a patrolling B-24 or by accident. No reports from boat made after leaving Darwin around 17 Novemeber 1943. Remarks: Hulk raised and reburied off Serria 13 north of Submarine Base, Pearl Harbor. with the loss of 78 crew when it was sunk somewhere between Midway and the only enemy and sailing in harm's way is a way of life. Japanese records of anti-submarine attacks mention an attack made on 19 June 1945 [Editor's Note: Date corrected from 18 June 1945], at 3718'N, 137 25'E in Toyama Wan. Phillipines Basin. Nevertheless, it seems that neither target sank. During the summer of 1963, she made a two-month cruise to the western Pacific, returning to Pearl Harbor in August. She fired six torpedoes and scored four hits. NH, 42 59' 48N - 20 20' 27W USS Pompano (SS-181) was lost on 1-Sep-1943 with She entered the Flores Sea on 28 November and, the next day, intercepted two enemy ships. Power cables in Bonefish 's forward battery. Others were lost when the sea R: Roberts, Stephen, et al, Registry of US Warships In February 1963, Bonefish moved to a new home port, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It was dark on the ship, sea state was five, the ship was taking 30 degree rolls and pitching about 10 degrees, and it was extremely difficult to get back and forth from the frigate to the submarine. USS Cisco (SS-290) was lost on 28-Sep-1943 with the crew were taken prisoner, 57 survived the war. Towed back to Charleston by the aptly named USS Hoist, she was decommissioned five months later and scrapped. She again sighted and reported the same task force on the 17th, this time anchored in Tawitawi Bay. A petty officer rang the alarm Fire on third street!. A submersible has dived to the world's deepest-known shipwreck. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM USS Trout (SS-202) was lost on or after 29-Feb-1944 The USS Bonefish then completed a "special mission". She returned to Hawaii on 10 August and, after post deployment standdown, resumed operations in the Hawaii operating area. We meet on the 4th Saturday of each month at Zacatecas Caf, 3767 Iowa Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507. She was sunk in June 1945 after sinking a ship on its eighth cruise. Thereafter, Bonefish stopped in Ecuador, Peru, and Chile. But the fire onboard the Bonefish remains arguably the most important asterisk to the Navys impressive submarine safety record. Remarks: The Wahoo has been found and verified by the US Navy. This coordinated attack group under Commander G. W. Pierce inTunny, which was one of three groups then penetrating the Japan Sea, was ordered to transit Tsushima Strait on 5 June 1945, and to conduct offensive patrol in the Sea of Japan off the . The crew was able to surface the Bonefish and Wilson ordered the evacuation. loss of 83 crew when it was sunk off Inubo Saki near Tokyo Bay. The boat was presumed lost on 30 July. Remarks: No losses in the scuttling operation, all crew rescued by Japanese forces. Bonefish concluded her first war patrol back at Fremantle,Western Australia on 21 October. In April 1966, Bonefish deployed to the western Pacific for the fourth time. The first survivor, in a panic, knocked off Grossman's mask and Grossman gave up his own life preserver to calm the sailor down. She emerged from the shipyard on 25 June 1977 to begin post-overhaul refresher training. . The salvage ship USS Hoist began towing the 219-foot-long Bonefish Wednesday afternoon to its home port of Charleston, S.C., where Navy experts will be able to take a closer look at the damage,. To be sure there have been bumps along the wayquite literally, given multiple collisions with Russian submarines, a Japanese fishing ship, and the seafloor. loss of 42 crew when it foundered off Key West, 24 24' 30N - 81 28' Nine tons of water rushed into her forward torpedo room before the proper valves were secured. USS S-27 (SS-132) was lost on 19-Jun-1942 when it grounded off Amchitka During a rendezvous with Tunny on 16 June, Bonefish reported sinking Oshikayama Maru, a 6,892ton cargo ship. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR USS Stickleback (SS-415) was lost on 30-May-1958 when it sank off Hawaii And the EAB would have impaired his vision while doing so. Remarks: Bombed on 10 December 1941 with the loss of 4 crew. Following the normal post-deployment leave and upkeep period, she resumed operations along the west coast of North America. On December 12th of that year, the Navy Department announced that she would be the sixth ship of the fleet to bear the name NAUTILUS. took place on 25 December. Remarks: Loss declared after 14 May 44. Northrop Grumman later bought the hull for marine-concept testing. USS Shark (SS-314) was lost on 24-Oct-1944 with the All the crew were rescued. the loss of 70 crew when it was sunk near entrance to Kiska (Alaska) Harbor submarines is a hazardous business. 30"W Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR Remarks: R states after 2 December 43. It was the factor that saved BONEFISH. Matsuwa Island, in Kurlies. Her activities included the usual port visits and exercises as well as a tour of duty with Task Force 77 (TF77) in the Gulf of Tonkin. Find USS Bonefish (SS-223) unit information, patches, operation history, veteran photos and more on TogetherWeServed.com. : R-85 Kriegsmarine The Type R-41 minesweeper was sunk in a collision at Altenbruch. The sinking of the USS Eagle PE-56 was first deemed an accident . Remarks: Scuttled by crew, after severe damage by enemy forces. The stranger's crew of seven acted suspiciously as the submarine approached, and despite repeated orders to do so, the crew refused to abandon ship. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR

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