According to historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, the conflicts over the Elizabethan Settlement stem from the "tension between Catholic structure and Protestant theology". Unlike in other Protestant states, the old Catholic structure of the Church below the sovereign was maintained with the bishops organised in a hierarchy. Although in practical terms, extremist worshippers were largely permitted to pursue their beliefs without interference, some 400 priests did resign as a consequence of the Settlement. Those who chose not to adhere to the Church of England's rules were persecuted. The remaining bishops were all Catholics appointed during Mary's reign, and Elizabeth's advisers hoped they could be persuaded to continue serving. In addition, the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy in 1570 CE. Elizabeth herself was happy enough to have such quintessential Catholic elements as candles and a crucifix in her own private chapel. They would spend more money on buying Bibles and prayer books and replacing chalices with communion cups (a chalice was designed for the priest alone whereas a communion cup was larger and to be used by the whole congregation). We want people all over the world to learn about history. The main features of the settlement include: establishing a Church of England that included Protestant beliefs and the Catholic hierarchical structure and making Queen Elizabeth I Supreme Governor of the Church. The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation passed from 1559 to 1571 that intended to provide a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a Reformed theology and liturgy. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Almost 200 Catholic priests and those who helped them were hunted and burned. Seven bishops, including Cardinal Pole, Mary's Archbishop of Canterbury, died in 1558 and needed to be replaced. Edward VI's death is believed to be caused by a subsequent case of tuberculosis after he suffered from measles. Every church had to have a Bible in English available to its congregation, no further altars were to be destroyed, and pilgrimages were banned. Elizabeth's intention was that the Religious Settlement would prove a compromise acceptable to people of all religious standpoints. Henry was later excommunicated from the Catholic Church after his secret marriage to Anne. [115], Diarmaid MacCulloch states that Hooker's writings helped to create an "Anglican synthesis". [59] The impressment of boys for service as singers in St. Paul's Cathedral and the royal chapel continued during this period. 5 Etching of Elizabeth I in Parliament. [20] Nevertheless, Protestants were emboldened to practice illegal forms of worship, and a proclamation on 27 December prohibited all forms other than the Latin Mass and the English Litany. The Queen still believed there should be a division between the chancel and the rest of the church. The Elizabethan settlement did not settle the religious debates brought by the Reformation. [30] The revised Book of Common Prayer removed this denunciation of the Pope. Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and Lutherans, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and permission to use traditional priestly vestments. Queen Elizabeth I wanted to build a stable, peaceful nation with a strong government, free from the influence of foreign powers in matters of the church and the state. The eldest Aqa A-Level History: The Tudors: England 1485-1603. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What religion was Elizabeth I ?, What is the Elizabethan Religious Settlement ?, Was the Religious Settlement successful ? This perception was seemingly confirmed when Elizabeth was excommunicated by Pope Pius V in February 1570. Many did so out of sympathy with traditional Catholic religion, while others waited to see if this religious settlement was permanent before taking expensive action. The Religious Settlement was an attempt by Elizabeth I to unite the country after the changes in religion under Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. It seemed that out of sight was out of mind, and this principle would apply to practising Christians of both sides in the debate. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a collection of laws and decisions concerning religious practices introduced between 1558-63 CE by Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE). From Hooker, Anglicanism "inherited its belief in the place of reason as an authority for action, its esteem for continuity over the Reformation divide, and a hospitality towards sacramental modes of thought". In 1645, the prayer book was made illegal and replaced by the Directory for Public Worship. [13] At the same time, he calls the idea that the prayer book modifications were concessions to Catholics "absurd", writing that "these little verbal and visual adjustments" would never satisfy Catholic clergy and laity after the loss of "the Latin mass, monasteries, chantries, shrines, gilds and a compulsory celibate priesthood". Before 1574, most laymen were not made to take the Oath of Supremacy and the 12d fine for missing a service was poorly enforced. She reversed the religious innovations introduced by her father and brother. "[14], Historians Patrick Collinson and Peter Lake argue that until 1630 the Church of England was shaped by a "Calvinist consensus". While some were happy to return to the traditional religion, many were not, and the land was ripped apart by rebellion. Most of the other posts went to Marian exiles such as Edmund Grindal for London, Richard Cox for Ely, John Jewel for Salisbury, William Barlow for Chichester and John Scory for Hereford. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Haigh argues that the Act of Uniformity "produced an ambiguous Book of Common Prayer: a liturgical compromise which allowed priests to perform the Church of England communion with Catholic regalia, standing in the Catholic position, and using words capable of Catholic interpretation". and more. Henry VIII secured his position on the throne through violence in 1485 when he defeated Richard III. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. The debate quickly descended into name-calling and two of the Catholics were sent to the Tower for contempt. [32] The Litany in the 1552 book had denounced "the bishop of Rome, and all his detestable enormities". [27], Another bill introduced to the same Parliament with the intent to return Protestant practices to legal dominance was the Uniformity bill, which sought to restore the 1552 prayer book as the official liturgy. [11], Elizabeth's religious views were Protestant, though "peculiarly conservative". "It was worthwhile for Elizabeth's government to throw the Lutherans a few theological scraps, and the change also chimed with the queen's personal inclination to Lutheran views on eucharistic presence. Between 1574 and 1603, 600 Catholic priests were sent to England. Wealthy church papists attended their parish church but had Mass at home or hired two chaplains, one to perform the prayer book service and the other to perform the Mass. Ultimately, all but two bishops (the undistinguished Anthony Kitchin of Llandaff and the absentee Thomas Stanley of Sodor and Man) lost their posts. [81] In 1580, the first Jesuit priests came to England. [72] In the early years, some 300 Catholics fled, especially to the University of Louvain. This resulted in Elizabeth appointing 27 new bishops whose support she could not afford to lose given there was a shortage of qualified Protestant clergy in England. Why did Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church? [80], By 1574, Catholic recusants had organised an underground Roman Catholic Church, distinct from the Church of England. [4] The doctrines of purgatory, prayer for the dead and the intercession of saints were also rejected during this time. The Act of Uniformity of 1559 re-introduced the Book of Common Prayer from Edward's reign, which contained the liturgical services of the church. [83], The persecution of 15811592 changed the nature of Roman Catholicism in England. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was contained in two acts - the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity. Secondly, attendance of a Catholic mass was forbidden, those found guilty of this offence received a large fine. It was also a concession to the Queen's Protestant supporters who objected to "supreme head" on theological grounds and who had concerns about a female leading the Church. All Christians may receive the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. She tried to make everyone happy and to at least avoid infuriating any more people. Have all your study materials in one place. Despite these reactions, and considering the changes made and the violence witnessed in some other European countries, England had overcome a difficult and potentially dangerous hurdle, even if there would be more to come in the following decades as religious matters affected foreign policy and vice-versa. This petition for church reform was referred to the Hampton Court Conference of 1604, which agreed to produce a new version of the Book of Common Prayer that incorporated a few changes requested by the Puritans. While many people were either pro-Catholic or pro-Protestant, it is likely that many more were attracted to elements from both sides such as, for example, admiring the beautiful ornamentation of a gold crucifix yet favouring the use of English in services. [89] These Puritans were not without influence, enjoying the support of powerful men such as the Earl of Leicester, Walter Mildmay, Francis Walsingham, the Earl of Warwick and William Cecil. The Act of Supremacy in 1534 removed any religious authority in England from the Pope and gave it to himself, and his heirs. The Elizabethan religious settlement survived with the attrition of other religious beliefs and practices. For many Protestants, clerical vestments symbolised a continued belief in a priestly order separate from the congregation,[71] and could be interpreted by Catholics as affirmation of traditional doctrines. Elizabeth and her pro-reform ministers had to regroup and plan another strategy. [31], The Act of Uniformity required church attendance on Sundays and holy days and imposed fines for each day absent. It restored the 1552 version of the English Prayer Book but kept many of the familiar old practices and allowed for two interpretations of communion, one Catholic and one Protestant. Made Elizabeth I Supreme Governor of the Church. [79] The discovery of the Ridolfi plota Catholic conspiracy to overthrow Elizabeth and place Mary, Queen of Scots on the thronefurther alarmed the English government. In 1560, the bishops specified that the cope should be worn when administering the Lord's Supper and the surplice at all other times. James was himself a moderate Calvinist, and the Puritans hoped the King would move the English Church in the Scottish direction. Essentially, they covered all the matters not yet set out in previous legislation and aimed to definitively establish what was meant by the English version of Protestantism, otherwise known as Anglicism. Cite This Work [40], Another historian, Diarmaid MacCulloch, also finds Neale's thesis flawed. Web. When Elizabeth I became queen in 1558, England's religious situation was dire. [30] It encountered more opposition in the Lords than the Supremacy Act, passing by only three votes. In Mary's reign, these religious policies were reversed, England was re-united with the Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism was suppressed. World History Encyclopedia, 02 Jun 2020. [65], With the Queen's approval, Convocation also issued a second Book of Homilies with sermons on 20 topics. ", Salvation comes from God's grace alone and not through good works. Through the 1580s, Puritans were organised enough to conduct what were essentially covert national synods. While a disappointment for Puritans, the provisions were aimed at satisfying moderate Puritans and isolating them from their more radical counterparts. The injunctions ordered the "holy table" to be carried into the chancel during communion services but at all other times to be placed where the altar would have stood. Although it did not heal the divide brought on by the Reformation, it did stabilize the Church of England, and many of the religious decisions made during the Elizabethan Settlement period remain part of the Anglican church today. [1] Under Elizabeth's half-brother, Edward VI, the Church of England became more explicitly Protestant, projecting a "restrained" Calvinism, in the words of historian Christopher Haigh. Puritan clergy in this movement organised local presbyteries or classes, from which the movement took its name. This debacle occurred at the same time that Puritanism's most powerful defenders at Court were dying off. [10], Mary I, Elizabeth's half-sister, became queen in 1553. [35], The most significant revision was a change to the Communion Service that added the words for administering sacramental bread and wine from the 1549 prayer book to the words in the 1552 book. Bishops Watson of Lincoln and White of Winchester were imprisoned in the Tower. Keeping the hierarchy of archbishops and bishops. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (1520-1598 CE) was Elizabeth Thomas Cranmer served as the first Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury Elizabeth I reigned as queen of England from 1558 to 1603 CE.
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