which of the following was a progressive era reform

Link, North Carolina: Change and Tradition in a Southern State (2009) pp. The Court agreed in 1911 and ordered the Justice Department to draw up complete reorganization plans in six months. [194], Roosevelt's Antitrust record over eight years included 18 civil cases and 26 criminal antitrust cases resulting in 22 convictions and 22 acquittals. [278][279] William Link finds political Progressivism dominant in most of the South in the 1920s. [269] Link's argument for continuity through the 1920s stimulated a historiography that found Progressivism to be a potent force. Edward Bellamys admiration for the discipline and self-sacrifice of the Civil War armies was reflected in his enormously popular utopian novel Looking Backward (1888). John D. Buenker, John C. Boosham, and Robert M. Crunden, Arthur S. Link, "What Happened to the Progressive Movement in the 1920s?. He states that ultimately Progressives "were responsible for bringing scientific racism to an end". 16th Amendment Summary, Importance & Purpose | What is the 16th Amendment? Lincoln Steffens was another investigative journalist and one of the leading muckrakers. It prohibited the manufacturing, sale or transport of intoxicating beverages within the United States, as well as import and export. Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained they were not being helpful by raking up too much muck. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. However, candidates who competed in the primaries and lost were prohibited from running as independents in the fall election. It also included trusts or combinations in beef, lumber, wine, turpentine, wallpaper, licorice, thread, and watches. ", Collin, Richard H. "Symbiosis versus Hegemony: New Directions in the Foreign Relations Historiography of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. [157] These Progressive reforms were soon replicated in other states, including Idaho, Washington, and Wisconsin, and today roughly half of U.S. states have initiative, referendum and recall provisions in their state constitutions. But they tended to agree that those were the most important battles that had to be fought in order to bring about a democratic revival. The reform of schools and other educational institutions was one of the prime concerns of the middle class during this period. [100], Ohio was distinctive for municipal reform in the major cities, especially Toledo, Cleveland, Columbus, and Dayton. Which states adopted full women's suffrage by 1900? The Progressive Era (1890-1920s) was a turning point in American history during which many important reforms were passed. Analyze the illustration from the 1912 publication The New Immigration. The system continues strong into the 21st century. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. [188][189] The most successful reforms came from the farmers who pursued agricultural extension, as their proposed changes were consistent with existing modernizing trends toward more efficiency and more profit in agriculture. [280] Likewise it was influential in the Midwest. Which of the following was one effect of the Progressive Era political reforms of initiative, referendum, and recall? Most progressive reformers held a common belief in civic duty and self-sacrifice. Provides ample, relevant historical information related to reform efforts during the time period. The progressive solution was the "open" primary by which any citizen could vote, or the "closed" primary limited to party members. [233] Agitation for prohibition began during the Second Great Awakening in the 1840s when crusades against drinking originated from evangelical Protestants. [17] Another factor contributing to the dramatic upswing in magazine circulation was the prominent coverage of corruption in politics, local government, and big business, particularly by journalists and writers who became known as muckrakers. Palmer, pointing to leaders like George Norris, says, "It is worth noting that progressivism, whilst temporarily losing the political initiative, remained popular in many western states and made its presence felt in Washington during both the Harding and Coolidge presidencies. [268] However, as Arthur S. Link emphasized, the Progressives did not simply roll over and play dead. He voted to uphold state laws providing for minimum wages, workmen's compensation, and maximum work hours for women and children. The largest foundations fostered modern, efficient, business-oriented operations (as opposed to "charity") designed to better society rather than merely enhance the status of the giver. Moreover, many believed that the great business interests, represented by newly formed associations such as the National Civic Federation, had captured and corrupted the men and methods of government for their own profit. Louisiana was the first state to introduce primaries in 1892, and by 1907, eleven Southern and border states had implemented statewide primaries. Their endeavor is to overthrow and discredit all who honestly administer the law, to prevent any additional legislation which would check and restrain them, and to secure if possible a freedom from all restraint which will permit every unscrupulous wrongdoer to do what he wishes unchecked provided he has enough money.The methods by which the Standard Oil people and those engaged in the other combinations of which I have spoken above have achieved great fortunes can only be justified by the advocacy of a system of morality which would also justify every form of criminality on the part of a labor union, and every form of violence, corruption, and fraud, from murder to bribery and ballot box stuffing in politics. ", Theresa Ventura, "From Small Farms to Progressive Plantations: The Trajectory of Land Reform in the American Colonial Philippines, 19001916. ", Allen F. Davis, "Welfare, Reform and World War I. There was a concern towards working class children being taken out of school to be put straight to work. August 25. [58], Ida Tarbell, a writer and lecturer, was one of the leading muckrakers and pioneered investigative journalism. ", Mowry, George E. The California Progressive and His Rationale: A Study in Middle Class Politics., Bruce, Kyle and Chris Nyland. Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette initiated state Progressive reforms, commonly referred to as the "Wisconsin Idea.". While the Oregon System was very successful, identify the two issues that broke the alliance between the middle-class urbanites, and workers and farmers. [181][182] The South had fewer cars and trucks and much less money, but it worked through highly visible demonstration projects like the "Dixie Highway. In 1913, while revolutionaries took control of the government, Wilson judged them to be immoral, and refused to acknowledge the in-place government on that reason alone. Above all, that commitment to remaking American democracy looked to the strengthening of the public sphere. Rich industrialists, referred to as 'robber barons,' made their fortunes from the hard work of underpaid employees. "Business Disunity and the Progressive Movement, 19011914,". ", Ira M. Wasserman, "Prohibition and ethnocultural conflict: The Missouri prohibition referendum of 1918.". What happened to the Progressive Movement in the 1920s?, Putnam, Jackson K. The Persistence of Progressivism in the 1920s: The Case of California., Zieger, Robert H. "Labor, Progressivism, and Herbert Hoover in the 1920's. 2012. La Follette forfeited his stature as a national leader of progressive Republicans, while remaining a power in Wisconsin. Progressivism, an urban, middleclass reform movement, supported the government taking a greater role in addressing such issues as the control of big business and the welfare of the public. Railroads connected the contiguous United States and transported manufactured goods all over the country. [95] Other Wisconsin Idea scholars at the university generated the plan that became the New Deal's Social Security Act of 1935, with Wisconsin expert Arthur J. Altmeyer playing the key role. The feminist perspective, by pushing for this type of education, intended to explain that women had separate but equally important responsibilities in life with men that required proper training.[246]. Funding came from automobile registration, and taxes on motor fuels, as well as state aid. The Democrats were a minor factor in the state, but he did form coalitions with the active Socialist Party in Milwaukee. Theodore Roosevelt . They improved the lives of individuals and communities. They looked to education as the key to bridging the gap between their present wasteful society and technologically enlightened future society. During the Progressive Era (1900-1920), the country grappled with the problems caused by industrialization and urbanization. [226], Prohibition was the outlawing of the manufacture, sale and transport of alcohol. The women's suffrage movement got its start in the 1840s with the Seneca Falls Convention led by suffragists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. Philanthropic Reformers and Business Reformers in the Progressive Era,". [131], Labor unions, especially the American Federation of Labor (AFL), grew rapidly in the early 20th century, and had a Progressive agenda as well. Create your account. The Progressive Era (1896-1917) was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste and inefficiency. [204] Immigration restriction continued to be a national policy until after World War II. In 1913, the Anti-Saloon League first publicly appealed for a prohibition amendment. The working class saved money by walking to their factory jobs; municipal reformers appealed to the middle-class vote, by attacking the high fares and mediocre service of privately owned transit companies. [193] Wilson helped end the long battles over the trusts with the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914. Groups like the Woman's Christian Temperance Union claimed that alcohol was the root of all evil in the United States; without it, the country wouldn't have to worry about crime, violence, immorality, or corruption. 1928 Election Candidates & Controversy | Who Won the Election of 1928? Let's say you come from New York. Montezuma believed in self-determination for Native Americans, but also demanded that Indians be granted full citizenship and the same rights as other Americans. He finally ran an independent campaign for president in 1924 that appealed to the German Americans, labor unions, socialists, and more radical reformers. ", Harry H. Stein, "American Muckrakers and Muckraking: The 50-Year Scholarship,", Nikki Mandell, "Allies or Antagonists? The Wisconsin Idea was the commitment of the University of Wisconsin under President Charles R. Van Hise, with LaFollette support, to use the university's powerful intellectual resources to develop practical progressive reforms for the state and indeed for the nation. Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr pioneered the settlement house outreach to newly arrived immigrants by establishing Hull House in Chicago in 1889. As presidential candidate in 1916 he lost after alienating the California progressives. James R. Barrett, "Americanization from the Bottom, Up: Immigration and the Remaking of the American Working Class, 18801930,", E. James Hindman, "The General Arbitration Treaties of William Howard Taft. [137] Within more engagements and marriages, both parties would exchange love notes as a way to express their sexual feelings. [252], In the legal profession, the American Bar Association set up in 1900 the Association of American Law Schools (AALS). [223][224][225] The tone was typified by his denunciation of "predatory wealth" in a message he sent Congress in January 1908 calling for passage of new labor laws: Predatory wealthof the wealth accumulated on a giant scale by all forms of iniquity, ranging from the oppression of wageworkers to unfair and unwholesome methods of crushing out competition, and to defrauding the public by stock jobbing and the manipulation of securities. A progressive amendment is a law passed at the federal level and is considered an amendment to the Constitution. Progressive Amendments addressed several issues facing American society. He crusaded against Stalwart party bosses of the state Republican Party, and won voter approval in a referendum in 1904. The NAWSA set up hundreds of smaller local and state groups, with the goal of passing woman suffrage legislation at the state and local level. Why Was The Jungle Important During the Progressive Era? CORRECT:* the requirement for state government to provide employment for the unemployed* a referendum to increase taxes on the wealthy------------------------------------- In the early 20th century, there was a rise in political corruption, fraudulent conduct by people in power in the United States. According to Wendy Rouse, feminists sought to raise awareness about the sexual harassment and violence that women faced on the street, at work, and in the home. Wilson also presided over the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, which created a central banking system in the form of the Federal Reserve System. [137], The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was an American women's rights organization formed in May 1890 as a unification of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). "[270] Gerster and Cords argue that, "Since progressivism was a 'spirit' or an 'enthusiasm' rather than an easily definable force with common goals, it seems more accurate to argue that it produced a climate for reform which lasted well into the 1920s, if not beyond. Theodore Roosevelt & the Progressive Era Reforms, Goals & Beliefs | Who Were the Progressives? Taft's cases included many leading firms in major sectors: Standard Oil; American Tobacco; United States Steel; Aluminum Company of America; International Harvester; National Cash Register; Westinghouse; General Electric; Kodak; Dupont; Union Pacific railroad; and Southern Pacific railroad. Many reform movements started locally and gained national attention. in David R Colburn and Sandra Pozzetta, eds., Arlene F. Kantor, "Upton Sinclair and the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906.: 'I aimed at the public's heart and by accident, I hit it in the stomach'. Initially, the movement operated chiefly at the local level, but later it expanded to the state and national levels. The Impact of Third Parties. Postell, Joseph W. and Johnathan O'Neill, eds. The most prominent organizations were the La Proteccin de la Infancia, and the National Federation of Women's Clubs.[215]. Congress appropriated $75million over a five-year period, with the Secretary of Agriculture in charge through the Bureau of Public Roads, in cooperation with the state highway departments. This page was last edited on 29 April 2023, at 01:27. Progressives argued these needs deserved a higher priority. However, as soon as Roosevelt declared his candidacy, most of La Follette's supporters switched away. Nevertheless statewide progressive movements were organized by Democrats in every Southern state. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1958. Sullivan's book was first widely read on the left, as by labor activists, socialists and populists. An error occurred trying to load this video. She earned her Masters degree from Fordham University in Curriculum and Instruction and a Bachelor of Arts from the College of the Holy Cross in History and Education. Oregon was one of the few states where former Populists like U'Ren became progressive leaders. [39], La Follette supported some of President Wilson's policies, but he broke with the president over foreign policy, thereby gaining support from Wisconsin's large German and Scandinavian elements. Moreover, its strict moral standards often marginalized groups such as immigrants and African Americans. Idaho, [119], By the late 19th century urban and rural governments had systems in place for welfare to the poor and incapacitated. His first major priority was the passage of the Revenue Act of 1913, which lowered tariffs and implemented a federal income tax. Outside the Senate, however, a strong majority of the surviving Progressives from the 1910s had become conservative opponents of New Deal economic planning.[291]. Above all else, the progressives sought to come to terms with the extreme concentration of wealth among a tiny elite and the enormous economic and political power of the giant trusts, which they saw as uncontrolled and irresponsible. It emerged after the 1890s from the urban business and professional communities. [19] In his 1906 novel The Jungle Sinclair exposed the unsanitary and inhumane practices of the meatpacking industry, as he made clear in the Jungle itself. [121] Inspired by crusading Judge Ben Lindsey of Denver, cities established juvenile courts to deal with disruptive teenagers without sending them to adult prisons. As governor of Wisconsin, La Follette compiled a progressive record, implementing primary elections and tax reform. The 18th Amendment created Prohibition in the United States. Many labor unions, trade groups, and professional, civic, and religious associations were founded. Pestritto, Ronald J., and William J. Atto, eds. Log in for more information. "[219] Wilson and Bryan were moralistic and very religious; Roosevelt and La Follette were moralistic and not very religious.[220][221][222]. The Roosevelt in approach incorporated a near-mystical faith of the ennobling nature of war. Millions of people flocked to cities to find jobs. [263] In 1919, Theodore Roosevelt died and Wilson's health collapsed, leaving a void in top leadership. Most Northern states followed suit, with reformers proclaiming grass roots democracy. They wanted to inspire a sense of physical and personal empowerment through training in active self-defense. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. The Progressive Era amendments addressed important social and political issues that reformers felt were especially important. It was elitist, and emphasized education and expertise. The Progressive Era started a reform tradition that has since been present in American society. A coalition of middle class reform-oriented voters, academic experts, and reformers hostile to the political machines started forming in the 1890s and introduced a series of reforms in urban America, designed to reduce waste, inefficiency and corruption, by introducing scientific methods, compulsory education and administrative innovations. A leading Republican, Cummins fought to break up monopolies. Progressive Era reformers sought to harness the power of the federal government to eliminate unethical and unfair business practices, reduce corruption, and counteract the negative social effects of industrialization. Carl Eis, "The 19191930 Merger Movement In American Industry", Peter H. Argersinger, "Electoral Processes." There were 2.4million miles of rural dirt rural roads in 1914; 100,000 miles had been improved with grading and gravel, and 3000 miles were given high quality surfacing. Apart from Wisconsin, the Midwestern states were about average in supporting Progressive reforms. [248] The Southern Education Board came together to publicize the importance of reform. [73], The Oregon Direct Legislation League was an organization of political activists founded by William S. U'Ren in 1898. "[155], Legal historian Herbert Hovenkap argues that while many early Progressives inherited the racism of Jim Crow, as they began to innovate their own ideas, they would embrace behaviorism, cultural relativism, and marginalism, which stress environmental influences on humans rather than biological inheritance. William B. Wilson was appointed as the first Secretary of Labor on March 5, 1913, by President Wilson. Certain key groups of thinkers, writers, and activists played key roles in creating or building the movements and ideas that came to define the shape of the Progressive Era. The most important Republican was Jonathan Bourne Jr. (senator 19071913 and national leader of progressive causes 19111912). Correct Answer(s) The 16th amendment made an income tax legal (this required an amendment due to Article One, Section 9 of the Constitution, which required that direct taxes be laid on the States in proportion to their population as determined by the decennial census). In 1916, federal aid was first made available to improve post-roads, and promote general commerce. The Progressive Era: Political Reforms . Carrie Chapman Catt was the key leader in the early 20th century. In their efforts to grapple with the challenges of industrialization, progressives championed three principal causes. To prevent this from happening, they created two houses of Congress. The traditionalists said many of their reforms were unnecessary and not worth the trouble of implementing. Calling themselves "The New Nationalists", Croly and Walter Weyl sought to remedy the relatively weak national institutions with a strong federal government. Progressive Era reforms tackled all sorts of problems, from political corruption to labor laws. 17th Amendment Overview & History | What Is the 17th Amendment? The unions wanted restrictions on judges who intervened in labor disputes, usually on the side of the employer. Tarbell is best known for her 1904 book, The History of the Standard Oil Company. [166] New York Republican Governor Charles Evans Hughes made a primary law his top goal in 1909 and failed.[167][168]. He initially supported President Taft, but broke with Taft after the latter failed to push a reduction in tariff rates. [258] The Catholics strongly opposed birth control proposals such as eugenics.[259]. The hurriedly created over thirty new corporations to replace Standard, plus several in tobacco. Why was the city such a central element in Progressive America? Thirty-six states were needed, and organizations were set up at all 48 states to seek ratification. [208], Foreign policy in the progressive era was often marked by a tone of moral supremacy. In contrast, the progressives championed a new national order that completely repudiated the localized democracy of the 19th century. [159], Reformers also sought to streamline government through the introduction of the short ballot. The Progressive Era Key Facts", H-SHGAPE, H-Net Reviews. [112], In the North Robert LaFollette introduced the primary in Wisconsin in 1904. ", Reynold M. Wik, "Henry Ford's Science and Technology for Rural America,", George B. Tindall, "Business Progressivism: Southern Politics in the Twenties,", Susan Zeiger, "Finding a cure for war: Women's politics and the peace movement in the 1920s,", J. Stanley Lemons, "The SheppardTowner Act: Progressivism in the 1920s,", Jayne Morris-Crowther, "Municipal Housekeeping: The Political Activities of the Detroit Federation of Women's Clubs in the 1920s,". Congress enacted a law regulating railroads in 1887 (the Interstate Commerce Act), and one preventing large firms from controlling a single industry in 1890 (the Sherman Antitrust Act).

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