He wears a white costume with a red and orange chest-layers and a white turban on his head. There is a problem with parsing the infobox. But there is little excitement. Believing a character who had no allegiance to family or society would free them up for adventures, he decided to make his protagonist an orphan. Gray's cousin and assistant Robert Leffingwell was the first on the job but proved inadequate and the strip was handed over to Tribune staff artist Henry Arnold and general manager Henry Raduta as the search continued for a permanent replacement. By this time, the series enlarged its world with the addition of characters such as Asp and Punjab, bodyguards and servants to Annie and Daddy Warbucks. The strip took its name from the 1885 poem "Little Orphant Annie" by James Whitcomb Riley, and it made its debut on August 5, 1924, in the New York Daily News. The last few minutes of the movie revolve around a chase scene where Rooster chases Annie up a raised drawbridge because he wants to literally murder her. They do not know what to do about the economy, but a woman on the radio is criticizing Roosevelt. [14], Not all was rosy for Gray, however. He used to help little Annie the way you helped me today, the elderly person said. Harold Gray was originally a hired pencil, owning and operating an art studio in Chicago following his service in World War I. This storyline was controversial, with both sides garnering criticism in local papers. Her passing is a very recent one. In the series, each strip represented a single day in the life of the characters. Gray was criticized for the gruesome violence in the strips, particularly a sequence in which Annie and Sandy were run over by a car. Before that, he appeared in Woody Allen's 1972 comedy "Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)," according to the actor's IMDb page. stedicam utility (as Michael Schmel) Robert Styles . Other major characters include Warbucks' right-hand men: Punjab, an eight-foot native of India, introduced in 1935, and the Asp, an inscrutably generalized East Asian, who first appeared in 1937. How are kids not traumatized by this? His 'Junior Commando' project, which he inaugurated some months ago, has caught on all around the country, and tons of scrap have been collected and contributed to the campaign. It starred Quvenzhan Wallis in the title role and Jamie Foxx in the role of Will Stacks (a role similar to Warbucks). The strip's popularity declined over the years; it was running in only 20 newspapers when it ended on June 13, 2010. Sandy enters the story in a January 1925 strip as a puppy of no particular breed which Annie rescues from a gang of abusive boys. [citation needed] Rapper Jay-Z has referenced Little Orphan Annie in at least two of his songs,[30][31] as well as sampling "It's the Hard Knock Life" for "Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)" (1998). He later spots Annie and Rooster hanging from the top of the B & O Bridge and takes off his turban which he ties to the railings of the copter and hangs onto in order to save Annie. Annie then wanders the countryside and has adventures meeting and helping new people in their daily struggles. After a breakout performance as the title character in the 1964 Academy Award winner for best picture, "Tom Jones," Finney continued to gain notice in other films. Quinn was introduced to show business by her mother . There is also a children's version of Annie called Annie Junior. In stark contrast to the portrayal of women in popular culture of the time, Annie was no damsel in distress. In April, de Banzie died at the age of 90 in Greenbrae, California, per The Hollywood Reporter). Now, let's look at the most recent Annie from 2014. At the time some 40 strips were using boys as the main characters; only three were using girls. The first, "The White City," tells the tale of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. Heres why. [24], Little Orphan Annie was adapted to a 15-minute radio show that debuted on WGN Chicago in 1930 and went national on NBC's Blue Network beginning April 6, 1931. In 1982, the popular Broadway musical "Annie" received a star-studded film adaptation. [13], Gray died in May 1968 of cancer, and the strip was continued under other cartoonists. Independent news and stories connecting you to life in Australia and Punjabi-speaking Australians. When Warbucks is suddenly called to Siberia on business, his wife spitefully sends Annie back to the orphanage. A cop runs everyone off and Annie is returned to the orphanage. Originally, he was from the comic strip "Little Orphan Annie", but he never appeared in the musical or its 1999 adaption. The Broadway production itself was based on a 1924 comic strip called Little Orphan Annie. It starred Victor Garber, Alan Cumming, Audra McDonald and Kristin Chenoweth, with Oscar winner Kathy Bates as Miss Hannigan and newcomer Alicia Morton as Annie. Table of Contents Who is Mr Warbucks bodyguard in Annie? ', "Tituss Burgess Joins Cast Of NBC's 'Annie Live!' Menu. Poignantly, his final narration was for the PBS documentary "Cancer: The Emperor Of All Maladies," which he saw through to the end despite collapsing on the first day of work from terminal brain cancer (via Deadline). The girl is working as a drudge in Mrs. Based on the popular comic strip, Annie tells the extraordinary story of a little orphan who spends ends up in the lap of luxury with Depression-era billionaire Oliver Warbucks. While Rooster still does allude to killing Annie in this version, Rooster and Miss Hannigan are caught before the audience can watch the murder attempt go down, and nobody becomes unconscious after being whacked over the head. as "Daddy" Warbucks", "Taraji P. Henson to Star as Miss Hannigan in NBC's Annie Live! He explains that he had some warm compliments after he helped a Texas man in strapping his truck-load. She finally gives him to Paddy Lynch, a gentle man who owns a "steak joint" and can give Sandy a good home. The next morning, Warbucks has news. The syndicate ordered Gray to drop the sequence and develop another adventure. Following the success of the Broadway musical Annie, the strip was resurrected on December 9, 1979, as Annie, written and drawn by Leonard Starr. Also introduced in 1937 was the mysterious Mr. Am, a bearded sage millions-of-years old, whose supernatural powers include bringing the dead back to life. [4], Gray was little affected by the stock market crash of 1929. The final panel of the strip reads "And this is where we leave our Annie. But Annie was resourceful and wily, and usually able to extricate herself from those situations without needing to be rescued. After an 86-year successful run in print media, the series was eventually discontinued on 13 June 2010. Originally, he was from the comic strip "Little Orphan Annie", but he never appeared in the original musical or its 1999 adaption. They traveled the world, with Annie having adventures on her own or with her adopted family. It doesn't go over the top with its forcibly updated plot and garish technological advances. However, Mr. and Mrs. Mudge will have to come back tomorrow. Gray's original pen and ink drawings for Little Orphan Annie daily strips date from 1924 to 1968. A Fortune popularity poll in 1937 indicated Little Orphan Annie ranked number one and ahead of Popeye, Dick Tracy, Bringing Up Father, The Gumps, Blondie, Moon Mullins, Joe Palooka, Li'l Abner and Tillie the Toiler. "I talked to this little kid and liked her right away", Gray said. Punjab, Daddy Warbucks' bodyguard, is portrayed by Trinidadian-American actor Geoffrey Holder. Then he announces Annie has inspired him to create government jobs so people won't have to take handouts--a "New Deal". It is reported that Punjabs first look appeared in this series on February 3, 1935, Sunday. He was also a spokesman for the soft drink 7-Up (you can watch one of his commercials on YouTube). Each of these adaptations has its own strengths and weaknesses to examine. Reader response was positive, and Annie began appearing as a Sunday strip in the Tribune on November 2 and as a daily strip on November 10. It also featured five new songs, "Dumb Dog", "Sandy", "Let's Go to the Movies", "Sign", and "We Got Annie", while cutting "We'd like to Thank You, Herbert Hoover", "N.Y.C", "You Won't Be an Orphan for Long", "Something Was Missing", "Annie", and "New Deal for Christmas". ", "Nicole Scherzinger Joins Cast Of NBC's 'Annie Live! The plot was simple: Warbucks leaves on business and Annie finds herself in the orphanage again. At the orphanage in New York City it is 3 in the morning and one of the girls has a nightmare. Warbucks likes Annie so much that he wants to adopt her. Two sequels to the musical, Annie 2: Miss Hannigan's Revenge (1989) and Annie Warbucks (1992-93), were written by the same creative team; neither show opened on Broadway. Reinking passed away in her sleep in a Seattle hotel room on December 12, 2020, at the age of 71 (via CNN). The special premiered on NBC on December 2, 2021. Due To Family Matter", "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.2.2021 Updated", "Thursday Ratings: Respectable Performance for NBC's 'Annie Live! The 1982 adaptation is also riddled with racist undertones, most notably with the character of Punjab. The story opens in a dreary and Dickensian orphanage where Annie is routinely abused by the cold and sarcastic matron Miss Asthma, who eventually is replaced by the equally mean Miss Treat (whose name is a play on the word "mistreat"). [25][26] The show was one of the first comic strips adapted to radio, attracted about 6 million fans, and left the air in 1942. By the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the formula was tweaked: Daddy Warbucks lost his fortune due to a corrupt rival and briefly died from despair at the 1944 re-election of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Release Dates One last aspect of the 1982 classic to consider is how murderous it is for a kids movie. Lombard plans Orphan Annie party", https://www.womenshistory.org/articles/little-orphan-annie-rescue, "War Work of the Cartoonists: Cartoonists Important Factor In Keeping Nation's Morale", "Dick Tracy by Joe Staton and Mike Curtis for Jun 16, 2013 - GoComics.com", "Dick Tracy by Joe Staton and Mike Curtis for Mar 26, 2014 - GoComics.com", "Dick Tracy by Joe Staton and Mike Curtis for Jun 8, 2014 - GoComics.com", "Dick Tracy by Joe Staton and Mike Curtis for Oct 12, 2014 - GoComics.com", "Dick Tracy by Joe Staton and Mike Curtis for Jun 6, 2015 - GoComics.com", "Dick Tracy by Joe Staton and Mike Curtis for May 16, 2019 - GoComics.com", "Dick Tracy by Joe Staton and Mike Curtis for July 09, 2019 | GoComics.com", "Comedian Michelle Wolf Joins The Daily Show As Writer, Contributor", "Boston University: Howard Gotlieb Archive Research Center: Harold Gray Collection", You're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Orphan_Annie&oldid=1151762642, Comic strips formerly syndicated by Tribune Content Agency, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from September 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1924: From Rags to Riches (and Back Again); Just a Couple of Hurried Bites. . Journalist James Edward Vlamos deplored the loss of fantasy, innocence, and humor in the "funnies", and took to task one of Gray's sequences about espionage, noting that the "fate of the nation" rested on "Annie's frail shoulders". [1] Annie is a plucky, generous, compassionate, and optimistic youngster who can hold her own against bullies, and has a strong and intuitive sense of right and wrong. As of today, Annie's net worth remains unknown. Punjab is also non-existent in this film, which leaves the movie much less room for errors regarding racist depictions. . Annies efforts in wartime werent limited to the comics pages. Sandy is a mature dog when he suddenly reappears in a May 1925 strip to rescue Annie from gypsy kidnappers. Seeing Annie, Warbucks wonders why Grace brought a girl because an orphan is supposed to be a boy. She still has Ysabel, Gwen and Truely at home, so if Annie is there, it could get pretty jammed up when Paedon, Mykelti & Tony and Aspyn & Mitch come for a weekend visit. The trench-coated detective found her alive and well. One might not normally associate Little Orphan Annie with controversial content, but the carrot-topped crime-solver sometimes found herself pushing the envelope a little too far. Punjabs role in the film is solely to be the magical, mysterious Indian man with supernatural healing powers. [citation needed], Warbucks became much more ruthless in later years. Aileen Marie Quinn (born June 28, 1971) is an American actress, singer and dancer. Even with limited screen time in the 1982 movie, Holder's dance movements, booming voice, and . She has half a locket and they have the other half. Annie is kidnapped by a gangster called Mister Mack. Company Credits Punjab is a secondary character who is shown as a brave eight-foot-tall man who supposedly has a north-Indian origin. 1926: School of Hard Knocks; Under the Big Top; Will Tomorrow Never Come? But it recently came to spotlight on social media after a post explaining its involvement was repeatedly shared across Facebook and WhatsApp. On the other hand, John Denver had an estimated net worth of $60 million at the time of his death. Readers were left with a cliffhanger ending, with Annie captured by a war criminal dubbed the Butcher of the Balkans. Technical Specs, See agents for this cast & crew on IMDbPro, (comic strip Little Orphan Annie) (uncredited), unit production manager (as Ray Hartwick), assistant property master (as Lou Fleming), general construction foreman (uncredited), stunt coordinator (as Gerald E. Brutsche) / stunts (as Gerald E. Brutsche), camera operator: second unit (as Rex Metz), second assistant camera: "a" camera, New York (uncredited), camera operator: second unit (uncredited), first assistant camera ("A" camera second unit) (uncredited), second assistant film editor (as Dan Sackheim), assistant film editor (as George C. Villasenor), score recording engineer and score mix engineer (uncredited), transportation coordinator (as Allan Falco), produced on the New York stage by (as Lewis Allen), production office coordinator (as Adeline L. Seakwood), originally presented on the New York Stage by, animal supervisor: Gentle Jungle [us] (uncredited). Annie (1982) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. During this scene, Miss Hannigan chases after Rooster to try to save Annie, but he hits her over the head and knocks her out. is destin or panama city better? The 2014 movie portrays Annie as a foster child instead of an orphan, which on one hand could be seen as a positive representation of children in a non-traditional living environment, but also seems to diminish the plot. [1] The production was the fourth on-screen version of the musical following the 1982 theatrical film starring Carol Burnett and Albert Finney (in which the songs "Sign" and "We Got Annie" were taken from), the 1999 television film starring Kathy Bates and Victor Garber and the 2014 theatrical film starring Cameron Diaz and Jamie Foxx. Other targets were the New Deal, communism, and corrupt businessmen. Annie is a 1982 film adaptation of the musical Annie.Directed by John Huston, it made a goodly number of changes to the stage version: comic strip characters Punjab and the Asp are supporting players, Sandy gets more screentime, songs are added and dropped, and the climax is peril-filled.Annie was played by Aileen Quinn, heading up an All-Star Cast of adult players. Some may argue that Carol Burnetts absence as Miss Hannigan in the 1999 movie makes this version inferior to the 1982 movie. Songs from the musical include "Tomorrow" and "It's the Hard Knock Life". why did edgar allan poe marry his cousin; city of sartell building permits; guardian political stance. Variety panned it, and the New York Daily News was "slightly disappointed" with the film, thinking Green too "big and buxom" for the role. But their efforts proved unpopular, and Annie originals left the comics pages in 1974: Reruns of Gray's work took up residence on newspaper pages. [8] The Herald Dispatch of Huntington, West Virginia, stopped running Little Orphan Annie, printing a front-page editorial rebuking Gray's politics. Her distinguishing physical characteristics are curly red hair, a red dress and vacant circles for eyes. Filming & Production "[7]) Annie's life was complicated not only by thugs and gangsters but also by New Deal do-gooders and bureaucrats. The first Annie movie from 1982 remains a cultural icon for being the first movie to introduce audiences to the hit musical, and for its phenomenal cast. After World War I, cartoonist Harold Gray joined the Chicago Tribune which, at that time, was being reworked by owner Joseph Medill Patterson into an important national journal. [20] In the course of the story, Tracy receives a letter from Annie and determines her location. Posted by on Jun 10, 2022 in cakes from switzerland | lindsey funeral home harrisonburg, va obituaries : Find Out Who She'll Play", "Andrea McArdle Stepping Away From NBC's 'Annie Live!' Quinn was born in Yardley, Pennsylvania in 1971. [15] Starr, the creator of Mary Perkins, On Stage, was the only one besides Gray to achieve notable success with the strip. Annie is an eleven-year-old orphan. lighting director Costume and Wardrobe Department . After Gray began assisting cartoonist Sidney Smith on a strip titled The Grumps, Gray decided he might like to try his hand creating his own. Still, Annie wins the man over and, while Warbucks was going to spend the evening catching up on work, he takes Annie and Grace to see a Broadway show. These parts showcased his incandescent charisma and commanding range as an actor, from Julia Roberts' lawyer boss in "Erin Brockovich" to the colorful storyteller Edward Bloom in "Big Fish." The caption says that these events will soon impact on the detective. [11], In the late 1920s, the strip had taken on a more adult and adventurous feel with Annie encountering killers, gangsters, spies, and saboteurs. This includes the locket that will prove who her parents are. Bottle's grocery store at the time and manages to keep the puppy briefly concealed. Diaz appears to attempt to mimic Burnett, which is a slippery slope to failure if youre not actually Carol Burnett yourself. While the musical Annie may have originated as a stage production in 1977, it is likely that most audiences recognize Annie through its movie portrayals in 1982, 1999, and 2014. With actors like Carol Burnett, Tim Curry, and Bernadette Peters (just to name a few) its hard to go wrong. Considering both Cupples & Leon and Pacific Comics Club, the biggest gap is in 1928. PBKS vs LSG, IPL 2023 Highlights: Lucknow Super Giants defeated Punjab Kings by 56 runs in the run-fest in Mohali. There are proofsheets of Little Orphan Annie daily strips from the Chicago Tribune-New York Times Syndicate, Inc. for the dates 1943, 195961 and 196568, as well as originals and photocopies of the printed versions of Little Orphan Annie, both daily and Sunday strips.[37]. His belief brought upon him the wrath of the labor movement, which staunchly supported the child labor laws. While I can agree that Carol Burnett might be the more iconic Miss Hannigan, Kathy Bates is owed a lot of credit for not trying to mimic Burnett. Additionally, the soundtrack is far too pop and auto-tuned for a traditional thespian's liking. When Annie arrives home, she is given the sad news. Warbucks returns and holds a Christmas party for all. "[13], When the US entered World War II, Annie not only played her part by blowing up a German submarine but organized and led groups of children called the Junior Commandos in the collection of newspapers, scrap metal, and other recyclable materials for the war effort. The "Annie" alum passed away due to a chest infection on February 7, 2019, at the age of 82, per BBC News. His final onscreen role came in 2012 as Kincade, a stubbornly loyal groundskeeper, in the acclaimed James Bond film "Skyfall" (viaIMDb). [19], The storyline resumed on June 8, 2014, with Warbucks asking for Tracy's assistance in finding Annie. It was also announced that Sergio Trujillo would choreograph the production. The special starred newcomer Celina Smith as the titular role, Harry Connick Jr. as Daddy Warbucks, Taraji P. Henson as Miss Hannigan, Nicole Scherzinger as Grace Farrell, Tituss Burgess as Rooster Hannigan, and Megan Hilty as Lily St. Regis. It's almost like mourning the loss of a friend."[17]. Punjab, Daddy Warbucks' bodyguard, is portrayed by Trinidadian-American actor Geoffrey Holder. Carol Burnetts approach to Miss Hannigan portrays her as a negligent, aloof, lustful, drunk woman, whereas Kathy Bates' approach to the character is more grouchy, stern, and exhausted. With music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Martin Charnin and book by Thomas Meehan, the original production ran from April 21, 1977, to January 2, 1983. 1934: Bleek House; Phil O. Blustered; The One-Way Road to Justice; Dust Yourself Off, 1935: Punjab the Wizard; Beware the Hate Mongers; Annie in Hollywood, 1936: Inkey; On the Lam; The Sole of the Matter; The Gila Story; Those Who are About to Die, 1937: The Million-Dollar Voice; The Omnipotent Mr. Am; Into the Fourth Dimension; Easy Money, 1938: A Rose, per Chance; The Last Port of Call; Men in Black, 1939: At Home on the Range; Assault on the Hacienda; Three Face East; Justice at Play, 1940: In the Nick of Time; Billy the Kid; Peg O' their Hearts, 1941: The Happy Warrior; Saints and Cynics; Never Trouble Trouble; On Needles and Pins, 1942: The Junior Commandos; Out on a Limb, 1943: The Rat Trap, Next StopGooneyville, 1944: In a Den of Thieves, Death be Thy Name, Mrs. Bleating-Heart, 1950: Ivan the Terrible, The Town Called Fiasco, Circumstantial Evidence, 1951: Open Season for Trouble, Something to Remember, 1952: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow, Dead Men's Point, When You Do That Hoodoo, A Town Called Futility, Little Orphan Annie (1925 strips, reprinted by Dover and Pacific Comics Club), In the Circus (1926 strips, reprinted by Pacific Comics Club), Haunted House (1927 strips, reprinted by Pacific Comics Club), Bucking the World (1928 strips, reprinted by Pacific Comics Club and in, Never Say Die (1929 strips, reprinted by Pacific Comics Club), Shipwrecked (1930 strips, reprinted by Pacific Comics Club), A Willing Helper (1931 strips, reprinted by Pacific Comics Club), In Cosmic City (1932 strips, reprinted by Dover), Uncle Dan (1933 strips, reprinted by Pacific Comics Club). It was soon offered for syndication and picked up by the Toronto Star and The Atlanta Constitution. Her role as Grace was notably more substantive than the stage version, which Reinking noted in a 1982 interview with Bobbie Wygant. [citation needed] 1980s children's program You Can't Do That on Television parodied the character as "Little Orphan Andrea" in its "Adoption" episode, later banned. ANNIE WAS A FIGURE OF FEMALE EMPOWERMENT. Annie (1982) Geoffrey Holder as Punjab. Menu. "A little work never hurt any kid," Gray affirmed, "One of the reasons we have so much juvenile delinquency is that kids are forced by law to loaf around on street corners and get into trouble." He likes Annie at once, instructing her to call him "Daddy", but his wife (the daughter of a plumber's assistant) is a snobbish, gossiping nouveau riche who derides her husband's affection for Annie. De Banzie was also visible on Broadway. Everyone seems disappointed. The second, 2013's "A Light in the Dark," is inspired by the story of Helen Keller and Ann Sullivan. She continues to appear sporadically in the Tracy strip, still devoid of any pupils. The character of Punjab has been around since 1935 through its presence in the comic series Little Orphan Annie. [33][34], In medicine, "Orphan Annie eye" (empty or "ground glass") nuclei are a characteristic histological finding in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Subscriptions increased. She had to. At a party which the orphans, a redeemed Hannigan, and the Roosevelts attend, Warbucks gives Annie the new locket as they embrace. This device was dropped by the end of the '20s. He then contacts a local Senator who owes him a favor. A statue of Punjabi dancers in India. | He hands Annie to Warbucks and gets a hug from Grace. The strip attracted adult readers with political commentary that targeted (among other things) organized labor, the New Deal and communism. Lear Debessonet . On June 16, Warbucks implies that Annie is still missing and that he might even enlist Tracy's help in finding her. [citation needed] Kurtzman later produced a long-running erotic comic for Playboy called Little Annie Fanny. | But following FDR's death, Gray brought back Warbucks, who said to Annie, "Somehow I feel that the climate here has changed since I went away. [2] The strip (whose title was borrowed from James Whitcomb Riley's 1885 poem "Little Orphant Annie") was "conservative and topical", according to the editors of The Great Depression in America: A Cultural Encyclopedia, and "represents the personal vision" of Gray and Riley's "homespun philosophy of hard work, respect for elders, and a cheerful outlook on life". Gray's strips were consistently rejected by Patterson, but Little Orphan Annie was finally accepted and debuted in a test run on August 5, 1924, in the New York Daily News, a Tribune-owned tabloid. Gray showed no remorse, but did discontinue the sequence. In The Penguin Book of Comics Belinda is described as "a perpetual waif, a British counterpart to the transatlantic Little Orphan Annie. Even something as simple as kitchen fat could be repurposed to make glycerin, which had applications in both medicine and explosives. One reviewer thought it "stupid and thoroughly boresome" and was uncomfortable with the "sugar-coated Pollyanna characterization" given Annie. After catching yet another gang of Annie kidnappers he announced that he "wouldn't think of troubling the police with you boys", implying that while he and Annie celebrated their reunion, the Asp and his men took the kidnappers away to be lynched. Punjab is a country but in the 1982 he is actually from India. Punjab is a supporting character in the 1982 film "Annie" and its 1995 sequel Annie: A Royal Adventure. Maeder's writing style also tended to make the stories feel like tongue-in-cheek adventures compared to the serious, heartfelt tales Gray and Starr favored. Reinking was far more visible onstage than onscreen and later collaborated with composer Bruce Wolosoff to create a pair of new ballets (via The Creative Process). Thirty-five years ago this summer, the movie Annie was released. Warbucks agrees to search for Annie's parents, calling "J. Edgar" to put his best men on it. By the end of his hallowed career, Finney had received five Oscar nominations, as well as 13 BAFTA Awards nominations and two wins. An outraged member of the public physically assaults the man for his opinion, claiming revenge for his two sons who have already been killed in the fighting.

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