Religious Diversity in Classrooms - Video & Lesson Transcript - Study.com Appropriating Immanuel Kants distinction between phenomena, how things appear, and noumena, things in themselves, Hick postulated that the Real is ineffable and is not directly experienced by anyone. However, God has ordained Nirvana as a goal suitable for some non-Christians to both pursue and attain. (King, 2008; Rowe 1999; Yandell 1999) In response, Hick concedes that some concepts, formal ones, can be applied to the Real, while substantial ones cannot. (OConnor 1999; King 2008; Bogardus 2013), Others object that given the transcategoriality or ineffability of the Real, even with the above qualifications, there is no reason to think that interaction with the Real should be ethically beneficial, or that it should have any connection at all to any religious value. The following are the characteristics of diversity: Linguistic Diversity Regional Diversity Religious Diversity Linguistic Diversity As a relative latecomer which has always acknowledged the legitimacy of previous prophets, including Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, while proclaiming its prophet to be the greatest and last, Islam has, like Judaism, tended towards inclusivist views of other religions. Buddhism has long been very doctrinally diverse, and many schools of Buddhism argue that theirs is the truest teaching or the best practice, while other versions of the dharma are less true or less conducive to getting the cure, and have now been superseded. Further, it is really Creativity that is ultimate, and it is embodied in and does not exist apart from or as an object in addition to God and the Cosmos. Generally, a belief should affect your life choices or the way you live for it to be included in the definition. As to religious diversity, Abe suggests that we view the dynamic activity Emptiness (also called Openness) as ultimate, and as manifesting as various Gods, that is various monotheistic deities, and Lords, which are human religious teachers, whether manifestations of a god, as in the case of Jesus, or just pre-eminent servants of a god, as with Moses or Muhammad. This is not compatible with his thesis that Vishnu and others are phenomena of the Real, that is, culturally conditioned ways that the Real appears to us. Diversity definition: what do we mean by diversity in the workplace? Concept and Characteristics of Diversity: Linguistic, Regional & Religious Among young adults (age 18 to 29), the most common religious identity today is none; more than one in three (34 percent) young adults are religiously unaffiliated. Some characteristics of religion are the worship of gods or prophets, beliefs in a system of norms and values, symbology or places of worship. According to Pew, it has a Christian majority (52% of the population), while the other half of the population is formed by two sizeable minorities: Hindus (close to 20%) and Muslims (about 15%). gender reassignment. Some Buddhist texts teach that there can be a solitary Buddha (pratyekabuddha), a person who has gained enlightenment by his own efforts, independently of Buddhist teaching. In this article exclusivism about religious diversity denies any form of pluralism; it denies that all religions, or all major ones, are the same in some important respect. Sometimes God and Cosmos are described as aspects of Creativity. But these monotheists and cosmos-worshipers each take their object to be ultimate, and would deny the existence of any further back entity or non-entity, that is, of Creativity. The various planes are not distinct from it, and it is the ultimate object of all desire, and the deepest reality within each human self. Literature since 1950 focuses on the truth or rationality of religious teachings, the veridicality (conformity with reality) of religious experiences, salvific efficacy (the ability to deliver whatever cure religion should provide), and alleged directedness towards one and the same ultimate religious object. ]Religion and religious conceptions, beyond being systems of belief and patterns of worship . A core pluralist claims that all religions of some kind share a common core, and that this is really what matters about the religions; their equal value is found in this common core. Legenhausen, Hajj Muhammad [Gary Carl]. Such would be the work of a religiously embedded and committed theology of religious diversity, not of a general philosophy of religious diversity. But doesnt Christian tradition demand that each person eventually either achieves fellowship or union with God, or is irrevocably damned? (b. Diversity in religion is one of the world's strengths, not one of its weaknesses. Immigrant Asians were slightly more likely than U.S.-born Asians to be homeowners in 2019 (60% vs. 56%). Legenhausen, Hajj Muhammad [Gary Carl] Why I am not a Traditionalist. 2002. Diversity recognises that everyone is different in a . In other words, this Ultimate Reality, due to the various qualities of human minds, appears to various people as personae, such as God, the Trinity, Allah, Vishnu, and also as impersonae such as Emptiness, Nirvana, Nirguna Brahman, and the Dao. Physical appearance becomes a way of allowing particular groups of people to feel that they are . al. Characteristics of cultural diversity : Multiplicity of cultures Each worldview is the product of the individual development of a people. Religious Pluralism., Schmidt-Leukel, Perry. As a result, he became convinced that basically the same thing was going on with these others religious followers as with Christians, namely, people responding in culturally conditioned but transformative ways to one and the same Real or Ultimate Reality. And secondly, we have all the different: Experiences Talents Skills Opinions Personalities These differences, for example employees' talents, are less obvious and require the organization's effort and proactiveness to shine. (Netland 2001), Others object that Hicks pluralism requires arbitrarily reinterpreting religious language non-literally, and usually as having to do with morality, contrary to what most proponents of those religions believe. What are the 7 key areas of diversity and their characteristics? This account is narrower than pluralism is usually thought to be, but it is arguably a version of it. In contrast, any non-pluralist theory of religious diversity is associated with many arguably bad qualities. Such theologians, prominently Hans Kng (b. In his earlier writings, monotheistic concerns seem important. 2013, 333-40) Theologically liberal Protestants most often hold on to some form of religious pluralism. Cultural Diversity: Definition & Meaning | Purdue Global Nevertheless, the homeownership rate is on the rise among Asian Americans, increasing from 53% in 2000 to 59% in 2019. Equality, diversity and inclusion in the Workplace - CIPD Moreover, it seems a necessary truth that if the concept personal doesnt apply to the Real, then the concept non-personal must apply to it. An improvement upon naive pluralism acknowledges differences in all the aspects of religions, but separates peripheral from core differences. But some had always held on to theories about ways into the church other than water baptism, and since the European discovery of the New World it had become clear that the gospel had not been preached to the whole world, and many held that such pagans were non-culpably ignorant of the gospel. This encompasses the idea that physical reality, the terrestrial plane, is contained within and controlled by a more real intermediate plane (that is, the subtle, animic, or psychic plane) which is in turn contained and controlled by the celestial plane. When it comes to freedom of religion, it matters how people of faith are spoken of in politics and the media. (Neuner and Dupuis 2001, 329), Since the Vatican II council (1962-5), many Catholic theologians have embraced what most philosophers will consider some form of inclusivism rather than a suitably qualified exclusivism, with a minority opting for some sort of pluralism. 3 There are many ethnic groups in the United States, due in large part to its immigrant population; each of these groups contributes to America's cultural heritage. (OConnor 1999) This exclusivism is compatible with both exclusivism and inclusivism in this article. All the theories discussed in this article are ways that (usually religious) people regard other religions, but here we discuss them abstractly, without descending much into the details of how they would be worked out in the teachings and practices of any one religion. A theory of religious pluralism says that all religions of some kind are the same in some valuable respect(s). Religions span national, geographic, cultural and ethnic boundaries and may be the focus of individual and family identification Religious institutions and observances play an important role in catering for people's social, psychological and cultural needs as well as their spiritual needs. (Long 2011) Still, some Hindus object to various kinds of pluralism. Thus, famously, in a papal bull of 1302, called by its first words Unam Sanctam (that is, One Holy), Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294-1303) declared that outside the Roman Catholic church, there is neither salvation nor remission of sins, and it is altogether necessary to salvation for every human creature to be subject to the pope. Further, it respects and does not try to eliminate all these differences, and so makes genuine dialogue between members of the religions possible. In principle, it would seem that an exclusivist or inclusivist may have all or most of the good qualities, and one who accepts a theory of religious pluralism may have all or most of the bad qualities. A typical Rabbinic view is that although non-Jews may be reconciled to God, and thus gain life in the world to come, by keeping a lesser covenant which God has made with them, still Jews enjoy a better covenant with God. Others dissent because they accept the incompatible diagnosis and cure taught by some other religion, such as the ones found in Islam or Christianity. Stenmark views it as most similar to identist pluralism (see 2e below). (McDermott and Netland 2014) Other Protestants choose forms of inclusivism similar to Rahners (see 4b below). The religious composition and social context varies considerably by generation. They hope that each religion can, while remaining distinct, begin to construct global theologies, influenced by the truths and values of other religions. The nation's population is growing more racially and ethnically diverse - and so are many of its religious groups, both at the congregational level and among broader Christian traditions.But a new analysis of data from the 2014 Religious Landscape Study also finds that these levels of diversity vary widely within U.S. religious groups.. We looked at 30 groups - including Protestant . While some characteristics of diversity include age, gender, the color of the skin. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples (Sharma 1999, ch. Diversity also includes characteristics such as professional skills, working style, location, and life experiences. 2013, 268-72) Third, religions differ in how much, if at all, they make empirically verifiable claims, so it is unclear that all religions will be equal in making meaningless claims. One goes so far as to say that the Holy Spirit offers to all [humans] the possibility of being associated, in a way known to God, with the Paschal Mystery [that is, the saving death and resurrection of Jesus]. (Gaudium et Spes 22, quoted in Dupuis 2001, 162) Some Catholic theologians see the groundwork or beginning in these documents for an inclusivist theory, on which other religions have saving value. 1939), have formulated various pluralist theories. Finally, Hick revises his view: the monotheistic gods people experience are mental projections in response to the Real, and not real selves, but since religious people really do encounter great selves in religious experience, we should posit personal intermediaries between humans and the Real, with whom religious people interact. Religious diversity is the coexistence of more than one religion in the same setting. It is hard to see, then, how his theory enables one to be, as Hick claimed to be, a pluralistic Christian, given that one has replaced the diagnosis and cure of Christianity with those of Hicks pluralism. Since the latter twentieth century many Roman Catholic theologians have explored non-exclusivist options. On such a metaphysics, any apparent substance (being, entity) turns out to be one or more events or processes. Others find it excessive that Smith accepts other traditional doctrines, such as that Platos Forms are not only real but alive, that in dreaming the subtle body leaves the body and roams free in the intermediate realm, belief in siddhis (supernatural powers gained by meditation), possession by spirits, psychic phenomena, and so on. Nor can he be fruitful and multiply while living as a celibate Buddhist monk. Colour includes, for example, being black or white. For instance, as an inclusivist Christian, Heim holds that Buddhists really do attain Nirvana. This view was affirmed by Pope Pius X (r. 1846-78) in his Singulari Quadam (1854): outside the Apostolic Roman Church no one can be savedOn the other handthose who live in ignorance of the true religion, if such ignorance be invincible, are not subject to any guilt in this matter before the eyes of the Lord. (Neuner and Dupuis 2001, 311). Most religions are theistic in the sense that they posit the existence of a personal Supreme Being (God) or set of personal deities, although within some belief systems normally labeled religionsfor example, Buddhismthere is no belief in such a being. sex. Religious Diversity and its Challenges to Religious Belief.. These connections between theory and character which are believed by some to provide practical arguments for or objections to various theories need to be argued for. (Legenhausen 2009), The term religious pluralism is almost always used for a theory asserting positive value for many or most religions. Insofar as a religion claims to possess a diagnosis of the fundamental problem facing humans and a cure, that is, a way to permanently and positively resolve this problem, it will then assume that other, incompatible diagnoses and cures are incorrect. 6). Exclusivism, Pluralism, and Anarchy.. (Hick 2004, ch. It is only modern people who are blinded by the misunderstanding that science reveals all, who have forgotten it. The classic discussion of this is in the Lotus Sutra (before 255 C.E. Religion is a system of beliefs and moral norms that serve as spiritual guide for the human being; the mythology that composes them and their main characteristics vary between culture and culture. Another, without saying that people may be saved through membership in them, affirms various positive values in other religions, including true teachings, which serve as divinely ordained preparations for reception the gospel. (Dupuis 2001; Meeker 2003; section 3c below) Similarly, Buddhists usually allow that a person may gain positive karma, and so a better rebirth, by the practice of various other religions, helping her to advance, life by life, towards getting the cure by means of the distinctive Buddhist beliefs and practices. Later on, Hick firmly settled on the view that this Real should be thought of as ineffable. By contrast, the Real in itself, that is, the Ultimate Reality as it intrinsically is, is never experienced by anyone, but is only hypothesized as overall the most reasonable explanation of the facts of religious diversity. They hypothesize that some religious mystics really do perceive (without using ordinary sense organs) some ultimate (that is, something regarded as ultimate). John Cobbs Whiteheadian Complementary Pluralism., Hasker, William. Many have objected that Hicks pluralism is not merely a theory about religions, but is itself a competitor in the field, offering a diagnosis and cure which disagrees with those of the world religions. Religious Diversity (Pluralism) - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Contrary to widespread depictions of religious blocs of uniform practices, values and concerns, it is essential to emphasize the plurality of . (Mawson 2005), Historically, Buddhist thought about other religions has almost never been pluralistic. For example, a religious group may function only to satisfy the desires of its founder, discourage the worship of God, encourage the sexual abuse of children, or lead to the damnation of its members. Thus, for example, the earliest Buddhist and Christian sources prominently feature staunch criticisms of various rival teachings and practices as, respectively, false and useless or harmful. U. S. A. Dissenters are found among historians of religion, who deny that there is and has always been a common core in all of the worlds religions. Race Race is a protected characteristic that refers to an individual's race, colour, nationality and ethnic or national origins. Some philosophers, going against the much-discussed identist pluralism of John Hick (see 2e above) use exclusivism to mean reasonable and informed religious belief which is not pluralist. Subjectively, those other people have similar grounds for belief. This led to both the questioning and the defense of various exclusivist traditional Christian claims. "Exploring the Impact of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion - LinkedIn It is a mistake, he now holds, to suppose that the personae (that is, Vishnu, Yahweh, Allah, and so on) are angel-like selves. Such views are consistent with exclusivism in the sense that Roman Catholic Christianity is the one divinely provided and so most effective instrument of salvation, as well as the most true religion, and the true religion in the sense that any claim which contradicts it official teaching is false. (Legenhausen 2006, 2009). An uninformed person, noting certain commonalities of religious belief and practice, may suppose that all religions are the same, namely, that there are no significant differences between religious traditions. Such an outlook is commonly perceived as meaningless, hopeless, and devoid of value. But others teach that the ultimate reality is a perfect self, a being capable of knowledge, will, and intentional action. (Morales 2008), Within the pluralistic mainstream of Hinduism, a popular slogan is that all religions are true, but this may be an expression of almost any sort of positive religious pluralism. (Yandell 2013), Again, it has been objected that Hick, contrary to many religions, downgrades religious practice and belief as inessential to a religion, the only important features of a religion being that it is a response to the Ultimate Reality and that it fosters the ethical transformation noted above. All Christians believe that some were saved before Christianity, through Judaism. A common form of negative pluralism may be called verificationist pluralism. This is the view that all religious claims are meaningless, and as a result are incapable of rational evaluation. Given that any core pluralism inevitably downplays the other non-core elements of the religions, this approach has also been called reductive pluralism. (Legenhausen 2006), The most influential recent proponent of a version of core pluralism has been Huston Smith. The term exclusivist was originally a polemical term, chosen in part for its negative connotations. (Dupuis 2000, 161-5) Some Catholic theologians have seen the seeds or even the basic elements of inclusivism in these statements, while others view them as within the orbit of a suitably articulated exclusivism. But one may talk also of negative religious pluralism in which most or all religions have little or no positive value and are equal in this respect. At bare minimum, the slogan that all religions are true means that all religions are in some way directed towards one Truth, where this is understood as an ultimate reality.
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