Speaking of Russian mythology creatures, it is worth mentioning the bylinas as one of the material proofs of Slavic mythology. The Aesir gods killed a dwarf for his disrespectful behavior during the funeral of. Yet, most of the oral traditions involved humans encountering dwarfs. In the 1890s, something changed in the way common Scandinavians saw themselves and their culture. The dwarf is an example of creatures who have some mystery attached to them, some ability or nature that transcends the known world, suggesting the existence of creatures and a world beyond this physical realm. A dwarf is a mythical creature, appearing most frequently in Norse mythology. [78], The conception of diseases as being caused by projectiles from supernatural beings is widespread in Germanic folklore through time, such as in the phenomenon of elfshot, in Wi frstice, where they are thrown by elves, se and witches, and in the Canterbury charm in which an infection is caused by the 'wound-spear' (Old Norse: sr-vara) used by the "lord of ursar". [61], In German legends, they also possess other magical objects and often appear as master smiths. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, which says of dwarf women that "They are in voice and appearance, and in garb if they must go on a journey, so like to the dwarf-men that the eyes and ears of other peoples cannot . Thor was as always hot-tempered and kicked Lit, into the flames of the funeral ship. They played no part in Homeric and Classical Greece but flourished in imperial Rome, where slave children were sometimes stunted to increase their price. There is no Santa in the shape of a fat, bearded guy who lives at the North Pole in the Scandinavian Christmas tradition. Lesser-known dwarves in Norse mythology. Ive also written a popular list of The 10 Best Norse Mythology Books, which youll probably find helpful in your pursuit. he also has a foster son named Sigurd. Based on this he puts forward the idea that dwarfs in these sources are set apart from other beings by their difficulty to be defined and generalised, ultimately stemming from their intrinsic nature to be hidden and as the "Other" that stands in contrast with humans. p. 235. Male Dwarf Names. Dwarfs are one of the many races in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series. The paintings of Diego Velzquez record the appearance of the dwarfs of the court of Philip IV of Spain. Accounts of dwarfs vary significantly throughout history; however, they are commonly, but not exclusively, presented as living in mountains or stones and being skilled craftsmen. Often times they were depicted as mischievous, elusive creatures, akin to faeries. The troll comes from Norse Mythology, inspired by the cruel giants who were the main enemies of the gods, known as jotner/jotuner/jtunn, who lived in the mountains of Utgard. Demeter (Greek origin) meaning "the mother earth". Here is a list of (almost) all Slavic mythical creatures. In Neil Gaimans American Gods, for example, the dwarf Alviss appears as a character who surprises the main character by being taller than the average man. In Scandinavia the origin of the dwarfs was similar to Norse mythology, however the creatures were inter-changeable with trolls. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Huldra was one of them, but she somehow remained above the ground. Tolkien writes his dwarf-women are "in voice and appearance, and in garb if they must go on a journey, so like to dwarf-men that the eyes and ears of the other peoples cannot tell them apart. While the stories are inconsistent in regards to the role of the dwarves, they are equally as contradictory about their origins. Nkken/Nyk/Nykkjen is a mysterious water creature residing in freshwater, lakes, and deep ponds. He is also said to be a talented musician, playing the violin so that the villagers can hear him at night. In a competition, the trickster Loki bet the dwarf Brokkr and Eitri, that they could not make anything as fine as the gifts, as another group of dwarfs had already made for the Gods, a golden headpiece, a ship, and a spear. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. Hlfdan's brother later gives the child a gold ring to atone for the harm and is rewarded by the father, once more in a dream. The also created the goddess Freyas magnificent necklace Brisingamen. [16] Opinions on the degree of continuity in beliefs on dwarfs before and after Christianisation differ greatly. and ed.) Dwarf name generator. [4] Turville-Petre, E.O.G. Many of the female jotnar, however, are described as exceptionally beautiful and become the wives and mothers of Aesir and Vanir gods. The dwarves are pitch-black in appearance and live underground in Svartalfheim,[2][3] a place which was probably thought of as a labyrinthine complex of mines and forges. Fafnir decided that he wanted the ring for himself, so he turned into a dragon and scared Regin away. Sometimes, dwarves take on surprising roles. Viking poets refer to them as sword girls, spear maidens, and goddess of the spear/sword., 10 Evil Winter-Dwelling Beasts From Folklore, 10 Mythological Creatures That Really Existed (Sort Of), 10 Shockingly Small But Adorable Aquatic Creatures, 10 Creatures With Really Strange Bodily Functions, 10 Ancient Creatures With Badass Facts And Features, Top 10 Amazing Prehistoric Creatures With Unexpected, 10 Historical Shoe Rituals and Superstitions You Might Not Know About, 10 Unusual and Incredible Reinterpretations of Classic Artworks, 10 Ancient Fertility Treatments You Wouldnt Want to Use Today, 10 Inventive Ways People Survived Winter Before Electricity, 10 Bleak Facts about Victorian Workhouses, 10 Amazing Archeological Discoveries Made by Dogs, 10 Small Towns That Have the Darkest Pasts, Top 10 Creepy Stories Of Demonic Possession, 10 Haunted Military Forts And Battlefields, 10 People Who Survived Being Buried Alive, 10 Incredibly Creepy Mysteries From India, Top 10 Freaky Car Accidents With No Survivors. The dwarf then aids Ortnit in his adventures after revealing to the hero that he is his father. Many dwarves in the stories are villainous characters. While modern readers have preconceived notions of what the dwarves were, Norse sources are in less agreement. He teaches humans how to play if they secretly brought him a stolen piece of meat. They have a human-like appearance, but they are incredibly ugly and huge, and every story about them tells of how stupid they are. From memory: A dwarven child belongs to the social caste of the parent of the same gender, and this can effectively raise the social class of a female dwarf if they have a male child with a noble; your sister is pregnant . Nabbi is a dwarf, but not much is known about him. Eve had not finished bathing all of her children, and so hid those who were still dirty. Many modern views of dwarves have been inspired by Tolkien's works. https://www.britannica.com/topic/dwarf-mythology, World History Encyclopedia - Elves & Dwarves in Norse Mythology. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). More ambiguous are the dwarfs found in attendance on ladies in romances. She is a common belief in Germanic folklore and appears in many different shapes. [3], Norri, Suri, Austri and Vestri are four dwarfs, potentially depicted as four anthropomorphic figures on the hogback stone in Heysham in Lancashire, that according to the Prose Edda each hold up a corner of the sky, that was fashioned from the skull of Ymir. Keep reading for explanations of the differences . The Norse myths never mention the dwarves as being short or universally ugly. [29] Dwarf names in Eddic sources include Fullangr ('tall enough') and Hr ('high'), however, the terms are ambiguous and do not necessarily mean the dwarfs were conceived of as tall relative to a human. 44, No. Tolkien, J.R.R. A prime example of this is the tale of how Thor got his hammer in the Skldskaparml of the Poetic Edda. The svartlfar mentioned in Skldskaparml 35 are the Sons of Ivaldi, whom Loki engages to craft replacement hair for Sif, wife of the god Thor, after Loki mischievously sheared off her golden tresses. Instead, it is with our own notion of what a dwarf was. While other races have worlds named for them, such as Alfheim for the elves and Jotunheim for the jotnar, there is no world named for the dvergr. While this site provides the ultimate online introduction to the topic, my book The Viking Spirit provides the ultimate introduction to Norse mythology and religion period. Other characteristics of dwarves include long (but mortal) life, antipathy to Elves and distrust to other races. For example, one group of dwarves mentioned in the same story are the sons of Ivaldi, who is elsewhere called the father of Idunn. Some scholars, such as Rudolf Simek, propose that the folk beliefs remained essentially intact in the transitional period, making later sources greatly informative on pre-Christian Germanic religion, while others such as Schfke on the other hand arguing that there is no resemblance between Eddic and skaldic dwarfs and those in later sources. [63][64][65], In German legends, they typically live inside of hollow mountains, though in some cases, they may live above the ground,[66] while in saga literature, such as orsteins saga Vkingssonar they commonly live in individual stones, which could also serve as workshops, such as in the forging of Brsingamen in Srla ttr. [86][87][88], The emergence of fantasy video games has led to differing depictions and interpretations of dwarfs. They lived in subterranean halls, believed to be full of gold and precious stones. After Otr was accidentally killed by Loki, the Aesir repaid Hreidmar with the cursed ring Andvarinaut, plus the gold made by the ring. They seem to be interchangeable, and may be identical, with the svartlfar (black elves), and sometimes the trolls (compare also with vetter, a class of beings from later Scandinavian folklore). Subsequently, they would take a select group of the slain warriors on horseback to Odins hall, Valhalla, where they would join the einherjar, the exclusive entourage fighting for sport during the days and feast at night. There is a story of a man who once ran from Draugen and into a churchyard, where he shouted for the spirits of the dead to protect him. Their physical appearance, the most identifiable characteristic in many depictions, is more influenced by German folklore than Norse mythology, though. Some stories portray them as old hags and others depict them as young maidens or middle-aged women. However, it was later popularized by the fiction of philologist and legendarium author J. R. R. Tolkien, originating as a hypercorrective mistake. Lynheid is the daughter of Hreidmar, she has a sister named Lofnheid and three brothers, Fafnir, Reid, and Otr. Dwarf (folklore), a being from Germanic mythology and folklore Dwarf, a person or animal with dwarfism; Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional entities. Daniel McCoy 2012-2019. The god keeps him engaged in conversation until the sun rises, at which point Alviss is turned to stone. Interpreting the dwarves as a subset of the elves would explain some of the incongruities in their stories. Later folklore continued this evolution. In ancient Greek mythology, Medusa is a Gorgon, one of three hideous sisters whose appearance turns men to stone. Many enchantresses were fairies, and their attendants might likewise have been non-human. Some literature ascribes to dwarves the ability to see in the dark and other adaptations for living underground. (For the physiology of dwarf human beings, see dwarfism. Dwarf (Dungeons & Dragons), a short humanoid raceDwarf (Middle-earth), a humanoid race in J. R. R. Tolkien's literature Dwarf (), a humanoid raceDwarfs (), a race of charactersDwarves (), a short, strong race 6 . "[4], Scholars have noted that the Svartlfar ('black elves') appear to be the same beings as dwarfs, given that both are described in the Prose Edda as the residents of Svartlfaheimr. The Dragon Age: Origins intro story for dwarfs did a good job covering their culture and gender relations in that setting. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the tsars and noblemen of Russia kept innumerable dwarfs. Draugen, from Norse draugr meaning ghost. They looked back in time to rediscover their old myths and legends, folklore which had been forgotten because of the coming of Christianity. [76] The Lacnunga contains the Anglo-Saxon charm Wi Dweorh XCIIIb (Against a Dwarf XCIIIb) that refers to a sickness as a dweorg that is riding the afflicted person like a horse, similar to the harmful mare in the later folklore of the Germanic-speaking peoples. Privacy Policy. In the Norse belief system, valkyries were supernatural women who determined who lived and died on the battlefield. Mare is a female Vette who gives people bad dreams at night by sitting on them in their sleep. This was translated into being physically lesser, leading to their distinctive stunted stature. Otherwise, however, their attributes are rarely agreed upon. [2] Snorri Sturluson. Anatoly Liberman connects the Germanic word with Modern English dizzy, suggesting a link between the etymology and their role in inflicting mental diseases on humans, similar to some other supernatural beings in Germanic folklore such as elves. Made famous by J. R. R. Tolkien, the dwarves and the elves originate from Norse Mythology. See also Pygmy.). When Loki visits the sons of Ivaldi for Sifs new golden hair, he does not travel to a world of dwarves. Services rendered to them were often repaid by gifts of gold from their hoards; but those who stole their treasures either met with great misfortune thereafter or found the gold turned to dead leaves when they reached home. In contrast, Snorri describes dkklfar (which are typically identified as dwarfs) as "blacker than pitch". Instead, the title could have been another name for the dwarves. Yet another water creature, this one is something you really wouldnt want to meet when youre out in your boat. Enbarr. They are most familiar from the Norse myths and sagas, where they were called the dvergr. While some, such as Surt and Thiazi, are villainous characters, however, others are friends of the gods. Four dwarves, Austri, Vestri, Nordri, and Sudri (East, West, North, and South) hold aloft the four corners of the sky, evidencing their colossal strength. [32] In skaldic and Eddic sources, it has been noted that their roles are what define them rather than their physical appearance, which has no great relevance. Hreidmar is a master magician, Hreidmar has three sons Regin, Fafnir and Otr, and two daughters Lofnheid and Lyndheid. He is a young, handsome man who sits naked under waterfalls, playing the fiddle. Household dwarfs were kept by the early pharaohs of Egypt and still abounded at the courts of the Ptolemies. This female spirit in Irish folklore heralds the death of a family member by wailing at nightfall. [42] Anatoly Liberman suggests that dwarfs may have originally been thought of as lesser supernatural beings, which became literal smallness after Christianization. Dwarves come in many different forms, but they usually have traits in common. In the universe of The Elder Scrolls, "dwarves" (or Dwemer) are presented as a race of subterranean elves, whose culture was centred around science and engineering, that differs from Tolkiens conceptualisation, in that they are not particularly short, and are extinct. Tolkien, are a staple in the contemporary world of fantasy, and as such are often imitated. [37] Regin, a figure identified as either a dwarf or resembling a dwarf, is a similar size to the hero Sigurd on both the Ramsund carving and carvings from the Hylestad Stave Church. Experts working in the later part of the 20th century agree that earlier scholars had mistakenly applied the name Sindri to the brother of Brokkr. A dwarf (PLdwarfs or dwarves) is a type of supernatural being in Germanic folklore, including mythology. The typical fantasy dwarf is, like the original dwarves, short in stature, long-bearded and skilled at mining and metallurgy. American showman P.T. The primary role of the dwarves in Norse mythology is to craft unusual or magical objects for the gods. Dellinger meaning "the gleaming one like Clarus". Mine-dwelling dwarfs were usually more capricious and spiteful than their mountain brothers. An Elven blacksmith by the name of Volundr who lived in Alfheim (Home of the Bright Elves) is said to have acquired his skills in smithing from two dwarfs. Mythological Norse people, items and places, List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe, Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology&oldid=1149509762, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, "the one who works with metal fragments; blacksmith", "the dormant one", "the one slumbering", "Torpid", Hard work, An (undefined) part of a sword, "The one buried in the famous stone-heap", "The famous one buried in the stone-heap". [36], In the early Old Norse sources, dwarfs are typically described vaguely, with no reference to them being particularly small; in the legendary sagas and later folklore, however, they are often described as being short. In western Europe household dwarfs were still heard of in the 18th century, but the institution declined. Made famous by J. R. R. Tolkien, the dwarves and the elves originate from Norse Mythology. But older sources, which are closer to what the Vikings thought and believed, usually emphasize the valkyries warlike aspects and their agency over life and death. There were trolls of all kinds in the old tales, some living in the high mountains, in castles carved out of the stone, in deep forests, and some even by the shore. [citation needed], The hero Dietrich von Bern is portrayed in adventures involving dwarfs. The Norse dwarves also lived in Svartalfheim, Home of the Dark Elves. This has provided a major clue to modern scholars that the Norse dwarves were not entirely like our modern idea of them. Lit hereby gained immortality in Norse mythology, by being burned to ashes along with Baldur and his wife Nanna. Cosette (French origin) meaning "tiny or little". A dwarf, in the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) fantasy roleplaying game, is a humanoid race, one of the primary races available for player characters.The idea for the D&D dwarf comes from the dwarves of European mythologies and J. R. R. Tolkien's novel The Lord of the Rings (1954-1955), and has been used in D&D and its predecessor Chainmail since the early 1970s. p. 234. The Vlusp divides the dwarves into what may be three tribes, lead by, respectively, Mtsognir, their first ruler; secondly Durinn, and finally Dvalinn, who according to the Hvaml brought them the art of rune writing. 5 . In Ynglingatal, it is told how King Sveigder is lured into a stone by a dwarf. . . This would make them close relatives of the jotnar, or giants, who were formed from his sweat. The Dwarf is also common in Germanic mythologies, fairy tales, fantasy fiction, and role-playing games, and recently were made popular by the collective works of twentieth century fantasy author J.R.R. Eitri and his brother Brokkr, then crafted a boar with golden bristles Gullinbursti, a gold ring Draupnir, and Thors hammer Mjlnir. Archived post. If he had already attacked, you could overpower him by saying his name. [67][65] The presentation of dwarfs living within stones continued into modern folklore surrounding specific landscape features such as the Dwarfie Stane, a chambered tomb located on the island of Hoy, and the Dvergasteinn in Seyisfjrur. He is a beautiful young man in Swedish tradition, tricking women into jumping into the water and then drowning them. Omissions? The origin of dwarves in Norse mythology is linked to a rather famous Old Norse tale. Nyk! Some myths suggest that dwarves have the ability to forge magical items. Naal i vatn. Competing etymologies include a basis in the Indo-European root *dheur- (meaning "damage"), the Indo-European root *dhreugh (whence, for example, modern English "dream" and German Trug "deception"), and scholars have made comparisons with Sanskrit dhvaras (a type of "demonic being"). Draugen is the ghost of a man who died at sea. Dwarfs were of various types, all of small stature, some being no more than 18 inches (45 cm) high and others about the height of a two-year-old child. Later descriptions tell of a monster in the shape of an enormous octopus, which dragged ships down to the bottom of the sea. Her voice is incredibly beautiful and alluring, causing people to forget everything and never be able to experience happiness like hearing the voice again. In some cases, the dwarfs in Norse mythology were. [31] The prose of the Ynglinga saga describes a dwarf sitting, standing and speaking, leading to the proposal that at the time of writing, dwarfs were believed to, at least sometimes, have a human-like form. In Ynglingatal stanza 2 and the accompanying prose in the Ynglinga saga, a dwarf lures King Sveigir into an open stone which closes behind them, whereupon he is never seen again. and ed.) The Poetic Edda says that the first dwarves were made from the blood and bones of a primordial being named Brimir, often thought to be another name for Ymir. [7] The partial overlap of dwarfs in Eddic sources with elves is supported by the names of dwarfs recorded in the Dvergatal section of Vlusp, which include lfr ('Elf'), Gandlfr ('Wand-elf'), Vindlf ('Wind-elf'). . They were small people, often pictured as little men with long beards, who were master smiths, and made the swords, shields, and armor for the gods themselves. I am the owner and chief researcher at this site. [52] In saga material, dwarf children are also seen. Dhara (Indian origin) meaning "the earth". All Rights Reserved. They hold up the dome of the sky at the four points. Instead, Svartalfheim is associated with the dwarves. Fullangr, for example, means Tall Enough, while Har translates as High.. In some societies dwarfs have served as favourites, jesters, or entertainers in the courts of sovereigns and the households of important persons. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. The Prose Edda. Many legends show dwarfs as kindly beings, generous to those who pleased them but vengeful when offended. [8][9], After the Christianisation of the Germanic peoples, dwarfs continued in the folklore of Germanic-speaking areas of Europe and in the literary works produced there. [4] Regarding his use of this plural, Tolkien wrote in 1937, "I am afraid it is just a piece of private bad grammar, rather shocking in a philologist; but I shall have to go with it. Regin was equally affected by the curse as Fafnir was, and got Sigurd to go and kill Fafnir. Other times they were viewed as working for humans as craftsmen and engineers. Abhartach was another dwarf immortalised in Irish legend. More generally, the pygmies of Africa, the short Inuits, Sami (Lapps), the Asian Dropa pygmies of Tibet, short rain forest natives, people with dwarfism, and similarly short people may have had a hand in the origin of dwarf legends. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article Your email address will not be published. No one really knows what the word dwarf and its cognates originally meant, but theres no indication that it had anything to do with a small stature, a characteristic which is never mentioned in ancient descriptions of these beings. He later rescues a woman whom Laurin had kidnapped. Last modified January 23, 2022, Thanks so much for the useful information about the Dwarfs in Norse Mythology! [70], The term 'dweorg' can be used in Old English texts to describe an illness; it is commonly used in medical texts derived from Greek or Latin sources, where it is used to gloss symptoms such as fever. In Ortnit, Alberich seduces the queen of Lombardy, thereby spawning the hero Ortnit. Modern day perceptions of dwarves derive mostly from Tolkien's cosmology. According to Skldskaparml, due to the role of dwarfs in crafting the drink, poetry can be referred to by kennings such as "the Billow of the Dwarf-Crag", "Thought's Drink of the Rock-Folk", "the Drink of Dvalinn", "the Dwarves' ship" and the "Ale of the Dwarves". Humans, being of lower power and status, cannot control dwarfs as easily and require alternative strategies to obtain treasures from them, potentially explaining why female dwarfs are more prominent in saga literature. While his brother Fafnir was cursed by the ring Andvarenaut and ended up turning himself into a dragon. [34] Alvss is described by Thor in Alvssml as being as unsuitable to wed his daughter rr as he was "pale about the nostrils" and resembled a urs. The dwarves were a humanoid race mentioned in the legends of many Germanic cultures. Humanoid in form, but short and stocky, they are connected with the Earth and are often said to be miners, engineers, and craftsmen. There were ways to protect oneself from him; you could throw a piece of metal into the water, like a needle or an iron cross, and so save yourself. Alfrigg, Berling, Dvalin and Grerr: Alfrigg, Berling, Dvalin, and Grerr are the four dwarves, who made the Brisingamen for the Goddess Freya. . The alternate plural, dwarves, has been recorded in the early eighteenth century, but was not generally accepted until used by philologist J. R. R. Tolkien in his fantasy novel, The Hobbit. Regin worked as a blacksmith for the Danish royal court. 546pp.). Looking for more great information on Norse mythology and religion? The dwarves are most often noted for being extremely skilled smiths and craftspeople. For this poll we've created a list of the greatest dwarfs of all time, featuring dwarfs you know from movies, television, video games and more. So it is said in the Vlusp: In Norse mythology dwarves are mostly seen as selfish, greedy, and cunning. While the elves were tall and beautiful, the dwarves were almost grotesque. Angular Norse-inspired designs and Germanic-sounding names are still common. Du sk, k flyt! was a riddle for protection, meaning: Nyk! Scholars have proposed theories about the origins of the being by way of historical linguistics and comparative mythology, including the idea that dwarfs may have originated as nature spirits, as beings associated with death, or as a mixture of concepts. Sometimes they wear white, and other times they are adorned in grey or black. All rights reserved. The contemporary English spelling comes from the Old English dweorg or dweorh.[1]. Updates? The poem, Dwarfs in Norse mythology were sometimes associated with the death and the underworld. Oxford English Dictionary. In The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien gives many of the dwarves names taken directly from the Norse Eddas. 4 (Dec., 1929) (pp. It has a variety of cognates in other Germanic languages, including Old Norse: dvergr [dwerz] and Old High German: twerg. Tolkein's Dwarves were created by Aul, one of the Valar, when he grew impatient waiting for the coming of Children of Ilvatar. Clues given in Norse texts seem to indicate that the dwarves were thought of as similar to the elves, or even as a subgroup of that race. Modern scholars believe that the Norse may have thought of the dwarves much differently than we do today. They were often meant to scare children, but they are essential and important to modern northern society even today. Torgeir Augundsson (1801-1872), better known as Myllarguten, was a famous fiddle player from Telemark, Norway, who was so good it was rumored he had sold his soul in exchange for Fossegrimmens skills. Some legendary and romance sagas diverge from this, with dwarfs acting friendlily and helpfully, however, this is attributed to their lateness and likely do not represent perceptions that predate Christianisation. These dwarves fill an archetypal role often taken by giants or gods in other cultures. [26] Anglian folklore tells that one can hear a forge from within a mound and feel furnace fires under the earth, while in Switzerland, the heat can be attributed to the underground kitchens of dwarfs. Some, such as Alviss and Gandalfr, refer to the elves, or alfar. In European folklore, dwarf-like earth spirits called gnomes guarded underground treasures.
For Sale By Owner Martin County Fl,
Country Music Hall Of Fame 2022,
Is Shawarma Good For Diabetics,
Mike Sexton Wife,
Polaris Parts Used,
Articles F
