Characteristics of included systematic reviews. Nonetheless, it is interesting to note that all four of the SRs given moderate or high levels of confidence were Cochrane reviews. Schools are the only institution regularly reaching the majority of school-age children and adolescents across the globe. Health records have played an increasingly important role throughout history as an important le-gal document for the exercise of individuals' rights. This overview measured overlap using the corrected covered area (CCA) [16] and did not exclude overlapping studies. Most schools rely upon grant funding and other financial aid to cover the implementation costs, but this often involves stringent requirements. The study assessed a group counseling intervention and found no statistically significant effects on the prevalence of anxiety, self-esteem, internalizing behavior or externalizing behavior [29]. Schroeder and colleagues found that school nurses are well positioned to deliver nutritional counseling, design and coordinate physical activity interventions, and educate parents, students, and staff on health, nutrition, and fitness [26]. Funding issues. No review evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-component school health services intervention addressing multiple health areas. The primary objective of this overview was to explore the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked health services delivered by a health provider for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents. Evans and colleagues found no statistically significant difference in the proportion of students wearing spectacles at 14 months follow-up between vision screening with provision of ready-made spectacles and vision screening with provision of custom-made spectacles in a meta-analysis of three RCTs [21]. I am Tim Stephens. Assessments of music [23] and art therapy [33] in two SRs reported weak evidence of effectiveness. These items include: (1) overlap (see below), (2) rating of confidence from the AMSTAR 2 checklist [14], (3) date of publication, and (4) match between the scope of the included SRs and the overview itself. Copyright: 2019 Levinson et al. In addition to SRs that did not meet these inclusion criteria, SRs were excluded if the review was superseded by a newer version. Click to Enlarge | PDF [PDF 466 KB] | JPEG | PNG. Vaccinations have been identified as the most common type of intervention in schools in at least 35 countries or territories [9], and there is evidence of effectiveness from primary studies regarding feasibility of school-based vaccination programs [48,49]. school health services The school nurse will be an integral member of a child's larger healthcare team, assuring implementation of the plan of care and providing timely information from the school health record about student response to care. School health services staff also are responsible for coordinating care by communicating with the students family and health care providers so that they can stay healthy and ready to learn. This overview was conducted using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) [11]. Although at least 102 countries have school health services, there is no rigorous, evidence-based guidance on which school health services are effective and should be implemented in schools. This document replaces the School Nurse Role in Electronic School Health Records (January 2014). It provides useful information on the progress and development made within the school. High overlap can contribute to biased results [15]. PRISMA flowchart showing reasons for exclusion of potential systematic reviews. Further, the exclusion of interventions delivered by non-health providers reduces the quantity and breadth of SRs included in this overview. CCAs can be interpreted as indicating slight, moderate, high or very high overlap with scores of 05, 610, 1115, or >15, respectively [16]. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. In turn, good health is linked to reduceddrop-out rates and greater educational attainment,educational performance, employment andproductivity. Building on a method suggested by Shea and colleagues [17], grades of confidence in the results of each SR were generated based on critical flaws and non-critical weaknesses. Schools are essential for young people to acquireknowledge, socioemotional skills including selfregulationand resilience, and critical thinking skillsthat provide the foundation for a healthy future. However, these results did not persist at follow-up [20]. While other pillars of Health Promoting Schools have relevant guidance documents, guidance on school health services is limited and not explicitly evidence-based. The final SR on mental health services examined well-being interventions for children with a parent in the military [29]. But did you know there are other records, both formal and informal, that are important to keep for future reference? That marked the highest percentage since at least 1968, the earliest year for which the CDC has online records. Each of these three assessment tools allows users to analyze the comprehensiveness of the policies, programs, and infrastructure in place to address student and staff health. Schroeder and colleagues reviewed the effectiveness of obesity treatment and prevention interventions that specifically involved a school nurse (Table 3D) [26]. not in schools), an active control, or a waitlist control; (d) interventions aimed to improve one or more health outcomes, as defined by the SR authors; and (e) study designs were either randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies (QEs), or other non-randomized intervention studies. Schools in states or districts with assessment requirements might find it beneficial to add parts of another assessment tool process to enhance their work. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. In order for policy makers and leaders in school health to make evidence-based recommendations on which services should be available in schools, who should deliver them, and how should they be delivered, more SRs must be done. The following is a list of common questions and answers related to school health assessment tools, specifically: Why complete a school health assessment?A school health assessment helps to identify strengths and weaknesses of school health policies and programs and provide direction for school health improvement efforts. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Advancement in the use of EHRs occurred with the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which provides incentives for p There were no date restrictions on publication of included SRs. It develops personal character, skills, attitude, and physique. S3 Appendix. Evans and colleagues reviewed seven RCTs from China, India, and Tanzania on vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits at or before school entry (Table 3H) [21]. Five of the included studies examined the same weekly sleep education program from the Australian Centre for Education in Sleep. Similarly, some states require portions of the Healthy School Report Card to be completed. Geryk and colleagues found that education on correct use of an inhaler improved inhaler technique, regardless of deliverer, method, or duration of the intervention [31]. Children's health records can help child care providers identify preven-tive health needs such as immunizations or dental care, prepare a special care plan for children with chronic health conditions . Figure 1 shows how school health services uses various methods to support students. For useful recommendations to be made regarding school health services, cost-effectiveness must be more closely examined by primary studies and SRs. Health Record to Teacher: Purpose: 1. Every business we know is rapidly moving away from paper, as proven by online transactions, grocery stores, doctor's offices, gas stations, and airlines. For more detailed information on how to coordinate these assessments, contact the three organizations by going to the Web sites listed at the end of this document. The records you keep can provide specific details press documentation wenn you're talking with aforementioned resources your child needs to succeed in schools. It is important to note that any health records that the school receives from outside providers will most likely be considered school health records. In addition, school health data provides the potential to determine the most effective interventions to support the well being of children. Amongthose approaches, pairing children with healthservices occupies an important place. School health services staff can help all students with preventive care such as flu shots and vision and hearing screening, as well as acute and emergency care. Although three SRs mentioned the cost of specialized professionals delivering interventions versus teachers or a school nurse [26,32,36], cost, let alone cost-effectiveness, was not closely analyzed in any of the included SRs. Body and Mind Classroom Resources for Teachers, Unit 6: Mental Health, Child Development, & Hygiene, Unit 7: Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Nutrition, physical activity/physical education through 8 content areas loosely aligned with Coordinated School Health (CSH), Nutrition, physical activity, asthma, sexual health, safety, and tobacco, structured around the eight-component CSH model; assessment is customized by users selection of topics, 11 characteristics of a healthy school and community model that incorporates the eight-component CSH model and effective teaching and learning indicators, based on the development of the whole child, Assessment and planning; evaluation tool for the Healthy Schools Program, Assessment and planning; compatible with a School Improvement Plan, PDF and paper version; access to Online Analysis Tool (OAT), On-site technical assistance sessions for selected sites, Training manual, free on-site workshops, technical assistance, Online resources, trainings, consultancy, and technical assistance, School champion enters information online after consulting with others, Completed inventory generates an action plan based on local priorities, Team creates an action plan based on assessment results using online tool or available template, Healthy School Improvement Plan is created automatically once data is entered into OAT; completed Online Analysis Tool generates a Healthy School Improvement Plan, Resource database and technical assistance based on the inventory; national recognition program, Resources through Web site and partner organizations. Staff from all three organizations can assist schools in meeting both their state requirements and their program requirements. The search strategy is presented in S2 Appendix. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. None of the SRs evaluated comprehensive, multi-component, or multi-health area school health services. This overview and the upcoming WHO guideline will specifically address school health services delivered by health providers. Risk of bias across SRs was determined using Ballard and Montgomerys four-item checklist for overviews of SRs [13]. If consensus was not possible during title/abstract or full text screening, a third reviewer (DR), who had the casting vote, would have been asked to independently screen the article. School health records give the provision for a school nurse to communicate information to students, families, the school multidisciplinary team, emergency personnel, other healthcare providers, and school nurse substitutes. http://www.who.int/school_youth_health/gshi/en/, http://www.schoolsandhealth.org/Pages/WASH.aspx, http://www.who.int/school_youth_health/resources/information_series/en/, https://data.worldbank.org/?year_high_desc=false, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012595.pub2/full, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005023.pub3/full, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004381.pub2/abstract, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002280.pub2/abstract, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups, https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Default.aspx?tabid=2418, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment, https://www.iapb.org/resources/school-eye-health-guidelines/, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43027/924159215X_eng.pdf;jsessionid=7E674C27FAC37B003AB96A2DC13C7407?sequence=1, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204176/9789241510066_eng.pdf?sequence=1, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/en/, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. school district county sch yr grade special health problems/parent concerns: quick reference: physical exam: k/1 6 11 3 7 . 570 were duplicates, leaving 1150 titles and abstracts to be screened. Fig 1 displays the PRISMA flowchart for the search. How often do assessment questions get updated?All three school health assessments are reviewed regularly by each organization and by national expert panels. Copyright 2022 webdev. In 2000, WHO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Bank developed a partnership for Focusing Resources on Effective School Healtha FRESH Start approach [2]. Although the CDC does not require the use of the School Health Index, some states and school districts have policies or program requirements to use the School Health Index. Two reviewers (KK and JL) screened all titles and abstracts using the inclusion/exclusion criteria and excluded all articles that were definitely ineligible. Tips for Selecting an Electronic Documentation System, Healthcare Information and Management Systems(HIMSS), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Health Information Privacy, Your Rights Under HIPAA. Duplication of effort is something all three organizations would like to avoid. of school health services globally: Finally, overlap of primary trials between SRs can bias results of an overview [15]. The gaps in the SR literature identified by this overview will inform the commissioning of new SRs by WHO to feed into evidence-based global recommendations. Hardware interventions included provision of sanitary products and software interventions focused on menstrual management education. These criteria likely exclude potentially relevant literature. A meta-analysis of two studies on sanitary pad provision found a moderate but statistically non-significant effect on school attendance. This may be solved by coordinating school visits from hospital-based health professionals or by linking schools with local health centers for children and adolescents to access as needed. In addition to these criteria for included studies, the SRs themselves had to fulfill the following criteria: (a) included the words systematic review in the title or abstract; (b) outlined inclusion criteria within the methods section; (c) published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed before June 15, 2018; (d) published in the English language. A SR and meta-analysis by Bastounis and colleagues on the educational and preventative Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) and its derivatives found small, non-significant effect sizes for the prevalence of both depression and anxiety, favoring the intervention in the former and the control in the latter [19]. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. A majority of the studies (80%) were given low or critically low levels of confidence. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. The mismatch in the SR literature identified by this overview demonstrates that more research must be done before an answer to this question can be determined. This overview found 20 SRs covering 270 primary studies. For students with chronic health conditions, school nurses and other health care providers play a large role in the daily management of their conditions. Through meta-analysis of two RCTs, the authors found that school vision screening combined with provision of free spectacles resulted in a statistically significant 60% increase in the wearing of spectacles at 38 months follow-up as compared to vision screening combined with prescription for spectacles only [21]. Furthermore, this overview exposes a mismatch between the SR literature on effectiveness of school health services and the actual school health services that are most commonly delivered. With no state or program requirement, how does a school decide which school health assessment to complete?It will depend on your needs. Qualified professionals such as school nurses, nurse practitioners, dentists, health educators, physicians, physician assistants, and allied health personnel provide these services. The majority of SRs assessed educational, counseling, or preventive interventions, most of which were special research interventions rather than routinely-delivered school health services. National Association of School Nurses. From the limited amount of information available in existing systematic reviews, the strongest evidence supports implementation of anxiety prevention programs, indicated asthma education, and vision screening with provision of free spectacles. S6 Appendix. Evaluations are also conducted to refine and improve the tools. This initiative is dedicated to promoting development of school health programs and increasing the number of health-promoting schools, characterized by WHO as a school constantly strengthening its capacity as a healthy setting for living, learning and working [1]. The remaining Cochrane review was given a critically low level of confidence, though this may be because it was published in 2006 and standards for both the methods and reporting of Cochrane reviews have improved in recent years. Further, they strengthen the rigor of included studies and improve decision-making ability. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Systematic reviews of intervention studies that evaluated school-based or school-linked health services delivered by a health provider were included. What is a school health assessment?A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students health and educational outcomes. School nurses also maintain health records on students who fall outside the typical health care provider systems and whose only source of care may be the school nurse. 80% (n = 16) of SRs included in this overview were given ratings of low or critically low confidence using the AMSTAR 2 checklist, although this is not unusual given the stringency of the checklist. The FRESH framework promotes four pillars: health-related school policies, provision of safe water and sanitation, skills-based health education and school-based health and nutrition services [2]. David Anthony Ross, Affiliation: Only one of the 20 SRs included in this overview examined studies from a majority of LMIC and LIC [22,38]. 20 SRs fulfilled all inclusion criteria and were included in this overview. Valentina Baltag, Gold and colleagues assessed daily music therapy as an intervention to improve verbal and gestural communicative skills and reduce behavioral problems in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23]. Make the most of doctor visits. The most promising evidence from a SR was on topical application of fluoride gel for the prevention of dental caries [25], although the necessity of this intervention may be questioned where flouridated commerical toothpaste is readily available. Although overviews offer a comprehensive method for synthesizing evidence, they also come with important methodological limitations. In four SRs, 100% of included studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria [18,27,29,33], although Brendel and colleagues [29] only included one study in total. The full list of the specific reasons for exclusion of full texts is available in Table A within S3 Appendix. Table F. Answers to AMSTAR 2 checklist questions 116. While various guidance documents have been published by United Nations (UN) organizations addressing a range of services from oral health to malaria [37], there is no internationally accepted guideline regarding school health services. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. unclear if a health provider was involved), followed by if less than 50% of studies within a SR fulfilled all inclusion criteria.
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